{"id":12095,"date":"2022-10-04T04:41:14","date_gmt":"2022-10-03T21:41:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/?p=12095"},"modified":"2022-10-04T04:46:58","modified_gmt":"2022-10-03T21:46:58","slug":"duc-phat-nha-van-hoa-lon-cua-nhan-loai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/duc-phat-nha-van-hoa-lon-cua-nhan-loai\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Nh\u00e0 V\u0103n H\u00f3a L\u1edbn C\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n Lo\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"

HT. Th\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee8C PH\u1eacT NH\u00c0 V\u0102N H\u00d3A L\u1edaN C\u1ee6A NH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c t\u00f4n vinh l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a 25 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ho\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc H.W. Schumann \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u1eddi danh c\u1ee7a \u00d4ng, nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (The Historical Buddha) r\u1eb1ng: \u201cR\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Gotama (Sakya Muni), v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u00f5i ch\u00e2u \u00c1 nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o do Ng\u00e0i s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111em l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n an \u1ee7i v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n cao qu\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng tinh t\u1ebf. B\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean do Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng \u1edf Sarn\u00e0th g\u1ea7n Baran\u00e0si (Ba-la-n\u1ea1i: Benares)v\u00e0o n\u0103m 528 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1edbn mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

(H.W. Schuman, The Historical Buddha, tr IX)<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u0103n h\u00f3a cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Tam t\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec3n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf Asoka (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1ng, t\u1ee5c t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 sau. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 r\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00e9t c\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i sinh, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e2m l\u00fd, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u00e1ch tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00ec h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y sau \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb kinh t\u1ea1ng P\u00e0li:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi v\u00ec an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng: xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00ec l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch an l\u1ea1c, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ai? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 Lai, b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n , Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

(T\u0103ng chi B\u1ed9 kinh I, PTS, London, 1989, tr. 14-15)<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi d\u1ea1y tr\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m d\u1eadp t\u1eaft kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng an l\u1ea1c, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho \u0111\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh, b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y ra do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd tham lam, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, si m\u00ea (t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo, c\u00f3 ba c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a sai l\u1ea7m. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ba? \u2013 tham, s\u00e2n, si.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tham l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec k\u1ebb tham lam th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u00e2n, l\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u00fd l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m…<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e2n, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo, l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e2n h\u1eadn th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u00e2n, l\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u00fd l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m…<\/span><\/p>\n

Si, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo, l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi si th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u00e2n, l\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u00fd l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m…\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

(T\u0103ng chi B\u1ed9 kinh I, PTS, London,1989, tr. 182)<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba c\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u1ea5y d\u1ea5y kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh, t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 ri\u00eang v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u1eeb duy ng\u00e3 t\u00ednh (nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean: dualism) b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u201ct\u00f4i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u201d, \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u201d, \u201ct\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u201d, \u201cmong r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u201d nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cC\u00f3 18 t\u01b0 duy b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi \u00c1i, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 18 t\u01b0 duy b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi \u00c1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 18 t\u01b0 duy li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m? N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo, khi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: T\u00f4i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng: T\u00f4i l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng: T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng?..: Mong r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t…: T\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t…\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

(T\u0103ng chi B\u1ed9 kinh II, PTS, London, 1992, tr.225)<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, t\u01b0 duy ng\u00e3 t\u00ednh t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy duy\u00ean sinh v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 v\u00ec an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi. T\u01b0 duy duy\u00ean sinh v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean tu\u1ec7 u\u1ea9n (hay ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy) l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, an l\u1ea1c. \u0110i theo tu\u1ec7 u\u1ea9n, gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng an l\u1ea1c cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u0103m gi\u1edbi r\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0: 1) Kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sinh; 2) Kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m, c\u1eafp; 3) Kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh; 4) Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i; 5) Kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 r\u01b0\u1ee3u, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t men say. C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m l\u00fd hi\u1ec1n thi\u1ec7n, nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 5 th\u1ee9 ng\u0103n che tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, 5 th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2m h\u1ea1i, t\u00e2m \u00e1c, t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n: Tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, d\u1ee5c, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 nghi. Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c \u0111em l\u1ea1i thanh b\u00ecnh cho t\u1eebng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Kinh T\u1eeb-bi (Mett\u00e0suttam), thu\u1ed9c kinh T\u1eadp (Suttanip\u00e0ta), Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 kinh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c… T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh: Lo\u00e0i y\u1ebfu, lo\u00e0i m\u1ea1nh, cao, to hay trung b\u00ecnh, th\u1ea5p nh\u1ecf hay l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eeb lo\u00e0i n\u00e0o, h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh hay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, s\u1ed1ng \u1edf g\u1ea7n hay xa, lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 sinh hay s\u1ebd sinh, mong r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac! Mong r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i ai! Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai khinh khi ai b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mong r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec gi\u1eadn h\u1eddn hay s\u00e2n h\u1eadn m\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i nhau. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 che ch\u1edf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi con duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tho\u00e1t hi\u1ec3m kh\u00f3, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb t\u00e2m v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi thi\u1ebft tha, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng sinh c\u1ed9ng t\u1ed3n trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, an l\u1ea1c. N\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00e9p ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda chi\u1ebfn tranh, b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u00e1c h\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 M\u00f4i sinh, \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00f4i sinh<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4i sinh v\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i sinh ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4i sinh h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i, kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (d\u00f9 l\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh) \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i sinh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa m\u00f4i sinh v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, P.D.Karma, trong t\u1eadp \u201csinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng\u201d (Ecology and Environment)- Rastogy Publications, 6th Ed., 1992, p.2 \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201c\u2026M\u00f4i sinh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 an sinh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00f4i sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p g\u00ec cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i sinh, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng m\u00f4i sinh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i?<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi 5 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo, ta s\u1ebd d\u1ea1y cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y 5 u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 5 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n. H\u00e3y l\u1eafng nghe. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 5 u\u1ea9n? T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo, thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, hay v\u1ecb lai, thu\u1ed9c trong hay ngo\u00e0i, th\u00f4 hay t\u1ebf, th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n hay cao sang, xa hay g\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Th\u1ecd, T\u01b0\u1edfng, H\u00e0nh; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Th\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay v\u1ecb lai\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

(T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh, t\u1eadp III, PTS, Oxford, London, 1985, tr.16)<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady S\u1eafc u\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tha nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng: M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n li\u00ean h\u1ec7, g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e2n s\u1eafc, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n ly, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft: V\u1ea1n h\u1eefu tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau: C\u00e1i m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng: C\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i sinh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e2n s\u1eafc m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng m\u00f4i sinh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng qua n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng T\u1eeb bi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed qua Kinh T\u1eeb Bi (Mett\u00e0sutta) nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u00e2m linh, tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 m\u00e0 m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1999 T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch \u2013 2.500 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n \u2013 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng khai ghi nh\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a tinh th\u1ea7n, t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/p>\n

– D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1ed1n giai c\u1ea5p: B\u00e0lam\u00f4n, S\u00e1t-\u0110\u1ebf-L\u1ee3i, Ph\u1ec7-X\u00e1 v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7-\u0110\u00e0-La, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef g\u00ecn nghi\u00eam m\u1eadt cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng b\u1ed1n giai c\u1ea5p \u1ea5y, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cKh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do sinh ra m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n,<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do sinh ra m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 do h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t B\u00e0lam\u00f4n l\u00e0 do h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

(K\u1ec7 136, kinh T\u1eadp \u2013 Suttanip\u00e0ta)<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh Assal\u00e0yana, Trung b\u1ed9 kinh II, ghi r\u1eb1ng: M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 B\u00e0lam\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed thanh ni\u00ean B\u00e0lam\u00f4n Assal\u00e0yana th\u00f4ng tu\u1ec7 b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n, tranh bi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Gotama v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecfi Assal\u00e0yana:<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u201c\u2026N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 k\u1ebb s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n, tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp, ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec sau khi ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecda sinh n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 S\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ebf-l\u1ee3i, Ph\u1ec7-x\u00e1, Th\u1ee7-\u0111\u00e0-la, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 B\u00e0lam\u00f4n th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecda sinh, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

Assal\u00e0yana b\u1ea1ch: \u201cB\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ee9c Gotama, kh\u00f4ng \u1ea1! Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nhau\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u201cC\u00f2n n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed9i th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd th\u00e1c sinh v\u1ec1 c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 B\u00e0lam\u00f4n, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf?<\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ee9c Gotama kh\u00f4ng \u1ea1! D\u00f9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u201cC\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t B\u00e0lam\u00f4n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ee9c Gotama kh\u00f4ng! C\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u201cC\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 B\u00e0lam\u00f4n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edd n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ee9c Gotama kh\u00f4ng! C\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u201cL\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean v\u00e0 ra l\u1ec7nh cho h\u1ecd nh\u00f3m l\u1eeda b\u1eb1ng c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 s\u00e0i, g\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng, sen hay tr\u1ea7m, \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra? L\u1eeda do ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p cao d\u00fam s\u1ebd ch\u00e1y s\u00e1ng, c\u00f2n l\u1eeda do c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p d\u00fam s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1y s\u00e1ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ee9c Gotama, kh\u00f4ng! D\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00fam l\u1eeda thu\u1ed9c giai c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o , l\u1eeda c\u0169ng ch\u00e1y s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 nhau\u201d\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u v\u1eeba n\u00eau n\u00f3i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng giai c\u1ea5p, ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh m\u00e0u da, tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u1eeba n\u00eau r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1c vua T\u1ea7n B\u00e0 Sa La (Bimbis\u00e0ra), AX\u00e0Th\u1ebf (Ajatasattu), Ba T\u01b0 N\u1eb7c (Pasenadi), Ma\u0110\u00f4La (Madhura) v\u00e0 vua T\u1ecbnh Ph\u1ea1n (Suddhodana) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 xin l\u1eddi c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2026 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ea3n sinh, th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 6 ki\u1ebfp li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m Vua Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n (Cakkavattir\u00e0ja) -Theo Kinh Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n Th\u00e1nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 III; Kinh Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n Th\u00e1nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tu H\u00e0nh, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, s\u1ed1 6 – Vua Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00fang theo Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p (Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p), \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n. D\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n vua bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3y th\u1ee9 b\u00e1u:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Thi\u00ean lu\u00e2n b\u00e1u (c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y bay li\u1ec7ng gi\u1eefa h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao, \u0111i t\u1eeb x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua).<\/span><\/p>\n

– Voi b\u00e1u (c\u1ed7 voi b\u00e1u nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0, r\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfe chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf, phi r\u1ea5t nhanh, x\u00f4ng pha gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c binh ch\u1ee7ng theo s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua).<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ng\u1ef1a b\u00e1u (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 voi b\u00e1u)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Th\u1ea7n ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u (c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc l\u1edbn t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng kh\u1eafp m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00eam)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ch\u1ee7 binh b\u00e1u (c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n, th\u00f4ng r\u00f5 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt).<\/span><\/p>\n

– C\u01b0 s\u1ef9 b\u00e1u (c\u00f3 ph\u00fac b\u00e1o, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t tay v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c v\u00e0ng r\u00f2ng, ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u; th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia).<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ng\u1ecdc n\u1eef b\u00e1u (v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu tuy\u1ec7t s\u1eafc, tr\u00ed, h\u1ea1nh ki\u00eam to\u00e0n).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, an ninh, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh B\u1ed5n Sinh (J\u00e0taka I, II, III v\u00e0 IV) Nik\u00e0ya ghi l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 10 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t minh qu\u00e2n nh\u01b0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1\/ Qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb \u00e1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

2\/ Gi\u1eef g\u00ecn gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c: Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng say s\u01b0a.<\/span><\/p>\n

3\/ V\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng hy sinh l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c, danh v\u1ecdng v\u00ec d\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

4\/ Li\u00eam ch\u00ednh, th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac.<\/span><\/p>\n

5\/ H\u00f2a \u00e1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

6\/ Nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh, gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn.<\/span><\/p>\n

7\/ Kh\u00f4ng th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t.<\/span><\/p>\n

8\/ Kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

9\/ V\u1ecb tha, nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m.<\/span><\/p>\n

10\/ Kh\u00f4ng kh\u1eaft khe; h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh T\u0103ng Nh\u1ea5t A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 42 th\u00ec ghi:<\/span><\/p>\n

1\/ Thanh li\u00eam, qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

2\/ Nghe l\u1eddi can gi\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

3\/ Thi \u00e2n cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

4\/ Thu thu\u1ebf theo ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

5\/ Ph\u00f2ng the nghi\u00eam t\u00fac.<\/span><\/p>\n

6\/ Kh\u00f4ng say s\u01b0a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say.<\/span><\/p>\n

7\/ C\u1ea7n m\u1eabn, nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

8\/ X\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

9\/ H\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

10\/ Gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n Vassaka, x\u1ee9 Magadha v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3y \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 s\u1edf kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m, s\u1ebd l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

1\/ Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng hay t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1edbi nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

2\/ Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp trong ni\u1ec7m \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n trong ni\u1ec7m \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

3\/ Kh\u00f4ng ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng ban h\u00e0nh, s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

4\/ T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft l\u1eafng nghe c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n

5\/ Kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft c\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef.<\/span><\/p>\n

6\/ K\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5 c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 mi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang quy ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

7\/ \u1ee6ng h\u1ed9, che ch\u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c, ch\u00e2n tu \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t tham \u00e1i, ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p>\n

(Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 III)<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh Thi\u1ec7n Sinh (Sing\u00e0la), Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 II, ghi l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u00e1u m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac gia \u0111\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng: (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh II, s\u1ed1 31)<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    a\/ Cha m\u1eb9: Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t con c\u00e1i, ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn con c\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n, gi\u00fap con c\u00e1i c\u00f3 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

    b\/ Con c\u00e1i: S\u0103n s\u00f3c, ph\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cha m\u1eb9 l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn danh d\u1ef1, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c khi cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ea7n, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9.<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Th\u1ea7y \u2013 Tr\u00f2:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      a\/ Th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o: D\u1ea1y t\u1ed1t, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1ed1t h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 cho h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u00f3 b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

      b\/ Tr\u00f2: V\u00e2ng l\u1eddi v\u00e0 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng th\u1ea7y, h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 th\u1ea7y khi c\u1ea7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Ch\u1ed3ng \u2013 V\u1ee3:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        a\/ Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u1ee3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c n\u1eef gi\u1edbi cho v\u1ee3.<\/span><\/p>\n

        b\/ Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ed3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng, qu\u00e1n xuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          – Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt v\u00e0 chung th\u1ee7y v\u1edbi nhau; th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00fap nhau khi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf nhau khi l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n; gi\u00fap nhau c\u00f3 b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t: ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00edn, th\u00ed, gi\u1edbi, tu\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            a\/ Ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n: Tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 khen th\u01b0\u1edfng; ch\u0103m s\u00f3c thu\u1ed1c men khi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 l\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

            b\/ C\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1: Trung th\u00e0nh; l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c si\u00eang n\u0103ng, c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn; l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              a\/ Tu s\u1ef9: th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi; th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh (v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 , n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3); d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n; th\u01b0\u1eddng an \u1ee7i, kh\u00edch l\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n

              b\/ Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi: Gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 nhu y\u1ebfu v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c tu s\u0129; bi\u1ebft h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

              V\u1ec1 c\u01b0 s\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i gia, Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 IV, Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng I, v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng II ghi th\u00eam: ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 chi 1\/4 cho kho\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng chi, 1\/4 cho kho\u1ea3n b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng chi, 2\/4 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0; c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m l\u00fd – sinh l\u00fd – v\u1eadt l\u00fd; s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 t\u00edn, th\u00ed, gi\u1edbi, tu\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, nh\u00e2n \u00e1i v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, thanh b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/span><\/p>\n

              L\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00fap ng\u0103n tr\u1eeb t\u1ed9i \u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf<\/span><\/p>\n

              Kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebft t\u1eadp, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c t\u00e2m , l\u00fd tham, s\u00e2n, si v\u00e0 \u201cng\u0169 tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i\u201d (tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, d\u1ee5c, s\u00e2n, nghi) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u1ea5u \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/span><\/p>\n

              Kinh Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n Th\u00e1nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01b0 T\u1eed H\u1ed1ng (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 II, S\u00f4\u00e6 26) c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m suy tho\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c do suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

              \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 Kheo, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00ean ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh n\u00ean tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh n\u00ean \u0111ao ki\u1ebfm t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh… s\u00e1t sanh t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh… n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh… n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh… t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh… \u00e1c kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh… tham, s\u00e2n, si, t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh… phi ph\u00e1p d\u1ee5c, phi l\u00fd tham, v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec ba ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh n\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u sau \u0111\u00e2y t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh: thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ebfu k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 cha, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh…\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

              (TR. 373 \u2013 374)<\/span><\/p>\n

              \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u1ea5u tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh K\u00f9tadatta (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 III) b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, c\u1ea5p th\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c:<\/span><\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n canh t\u00e1c cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u00f4ng:<\/span><\/li>\n
              2. Cung c\u1ea5p v\u1ed1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kinh doanh, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/li>\n
              3. \u0110\u1ea1i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 c\u00fang t\u1ebf, t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0n.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Khi m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c s\u1ebd v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng lo s\u1ee3, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, y\u00ean b\u00ecnh \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

                \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/p>\n

                Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m n\u00ean v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, qua ph\u1ea7n v\u1eeba tr\u01b0ng d\u1eabn, v\u00e0 qua s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n vinh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c – \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i; Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ea7n, t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i – \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hai chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb khi sinh ra cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf ba m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh ho\u1ea1t: gia \u0111\u00ecnh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

                L\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u201cnghi\u1ec7p c\u0169\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cnghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi\u201d h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qua c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, mi\u1ec7ng, \u00fd, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 thai gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 hai m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu t\u1eeb thai nhi cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, khi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao \u0111i\u1ec3m, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

                H\u1eb3n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng phu m\u1edbi n\u00eau d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t n\u1ed9i dung gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, tinh th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 XXI c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0:<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Ni\u1ec1m tin gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c: Ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy…<\/span><\/li>\n
                2. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c: \u0110\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 hai m\u1eb7t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean: h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e0 ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/li>\n
                3. Tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n…<\/span><\/li>\n
                4. Tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1ch quan th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i…<\/span><\/li>\n
                5. Tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 tri, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 t\u00edn…<\/span><\/li>\n
                6. Tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch…<\/span><\/li>\n
                7. Tinh th\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng…<\/span><\/li>\n
                8. Tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00edch l\u1ec7, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt…<\/span><\/li>\n
                9. Tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb n\u00f4 l\u1ec7…<\/span><\/li>\n
                10. Tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu…<\/span><\/li>\n
                11. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt…<\/span><\/li>\n
                12. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c…<\/span><\/li>\n
                13. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh: T\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c…<\/span><\/li>\n
                14. Tinh th\u1ea7n trung \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, v\u1ecb tha…<\/span><\/li>\n
                15. Tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh m\u1eafc: tu\u1ef3 duy\u00ean nhi b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn…<\/span><\/li>\n
                16. Tinh th\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: l\u1ee5c ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 nhi\u1ebfp…<\/span><\/li>\n
                17. Tinh th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c: gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng, ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m…<\/span><\/li>\n
                18. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c…<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Ch\u00ednh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o bao h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i: c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng (\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb; nh\u00e2n \u00e1i, v\u1ecb tha, khoan dung (\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng); kh\u00e1ch quan, theo c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng (khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd, thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd); v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean cao v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 r\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, r\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ea7n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tinh th\u1ea7n, t\u00e2m linh m\u00e0 Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c t\u00f4n vinh n\u0103m 1999. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, qua l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u1eadt l\u00fd, t\u00e2m l\u00fd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t: n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng b\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sung m\u00e3n c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu).<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \"\"<\/p>\n

                  HT. Th\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

                  \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  HT. Th\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ee8C PH\u1eacT NH\u00c0 V\u0102N H\u00d3A L\u1edaN C\u1ee6A NH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c t\u00f4n vinh l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a 25 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ho\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng […]\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":12099,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,156,578,165,170],"tags":[580,579],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12095"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12095"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12095\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12103,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12095\/revisions\/12103"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12099"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12095"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12095"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12095"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}