{"id":12179,"date":"2022-10-20T21:41:02","date_gmt":"2022-10-20T14:41:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/?p=12179"},"modified":"2022-10-20T21:46:32","modified_gmt":"2022-10-20T14:46:32","slug":"bat-chanh-dao-con-duong-diet-kho","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/bat-chanh-dao-con-duong-diet-kho\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o &#8211; Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Di\u1ec7t Kh\u1ed5"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; font-size: 120%;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/category\/tac-gia\/bhikkhu-bodhi\/\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">English: Bhikkhu Bodhi<\/span><\/a>, Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch: <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/category\/tac-gia\/minh-hanh\/\">Minh H\u1ea1nh<\/a> &amp; <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/category\/tac-gia\/nguyen-van-hoa\/\">Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u00f2a<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-12184 \" src=\"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/f.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"834\" height=\"1254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/f.jpg 540w, https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/f-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 834px) 100vw, 834px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; font-size: 190%; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>B\u00c1T CH\u00c1NH \u0110\u1ea0O &#8211; CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG DI\u1ec6T KH\u1ed4<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m g\u1ecdn trong hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc: T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o th\u00ec gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp. Trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 bao b\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt&#8221;, &#8220;H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt&#8221; hay, n\u00f3i v\u1eafn t\u1eafc l\u00e0 PH\u00c1P. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, trong khi nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0 &#8220;Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn&#8221; l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 am hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 nhau, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o th\u00ec bao g\u1ed3m T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ec3 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft hay s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u1ee9 n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, th\u00ec c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 mang gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh &#8220;Kh\u1ed5&#8221; n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_1.html#pre\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_1.html#abb\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_1.html#ch1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">I. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_2.html#ch2\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">II. Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_3.html#ch3\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">III. Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_4.html#ch4\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">IV. Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef, Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p, Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_5.html#ch5\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">V. Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_6.html#ch6\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">VI. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_7.html#ch7\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">VII. Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#ch8\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">VIII. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#epi\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#app\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#rec\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#notes\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ch\u00fa Th\u00edch<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#abo\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m g\u1ecdn trong hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc: T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o th\u00ec gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp. Trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 bao b\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt&#8221;, &#8220;H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt&#8221; hay, n\u00f3i v\u1eafn t\u1eafc l\u00e0 PH\u00c1P. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, trong khi nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0 &#8220;Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn&#8221; l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 am hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 nhau, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o th\u00ec bao g\u1ed3m T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ec3 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft hay s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u1ee9 n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, th\u00ec c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 mang gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh &#8220;Kh\u1ed5&#8221; n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Tu T\u1eadp theo B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00fang c\u00e1ch th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a &#8220;ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn&#8221;, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u0103ng h\u00e1i nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed \u00f3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m, nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n, s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc ch\u00ednh ch\u1eafn cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u00e1m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. T\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng r\u00fat ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong kinh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Pali. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u00ecm t\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt, t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7), ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong k\u00fd l\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Nyanatiloka, &#8220;l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y- The Word of the Buddha.&#8221; Trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdan v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb k\u00fd l\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n cho \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i khi t\u00f4i c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII) t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1n &#8220;Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o &#8211; The Path of Purification&#8221;, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u00e1ch khoa r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e1 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 v\u00e0 bao qu\u00e1t. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 n\u00ean t\u1eebng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh c\u1eb7n k\u1ebb n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp l\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y t\u00f4i xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m tu t\u1eadp theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong ph\u1ea1m vi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, vi\u1ec7c \u00edch l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft<\/span>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_1.html#top\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Textual references have been abbreviated as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">DN &#8230;. Digha Nikaya (number of sutta)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">MN &#8230;. Majjhima Nikaya (number of sutta)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">SN &#8230;. Samyutta Nikaya (chapter and number of sutta)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">AN &#8230;. Anguttara Nikaya (numerical collection and number of sutta)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Dhp &#8230;. Dhammapada (verse)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Vism &#8230;. Visuddhimagga<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">References to Vism. are to the chapter and section number of the translation by Bhikkhu \u00d1anamoli,\u00a0<em>The Path of Purification<\/em>\u00a0(BPS ed. 1975, 1991)<\/span><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 90%; color: #ff0000;\">Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I: Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Di\u1ec7t Kh\u1ed5\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_1.html#top\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi h\u00e0o quang v\u00e0 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i tinh th\u1ea7n cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00ean th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea3i h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ed5ng d\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5u qua t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u1eb3n trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t an x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn. Khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y b\u1eaft d\u1ea7u t\u1ecfa chi\u1ebfu, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t th\u00f3ang, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01a1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng ch\u00ecm. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb quen thu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta n\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m vui tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hoan ngh\u00eanh. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nghi ng\u1edd ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn; ch\u00fang ta v\u00f9ng v\u1eaby xua \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1i m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m tra, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh qu\u00e9t \u0111i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i hay b\u1ebb cong l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o trong s\u1ef1 v\u00e1 v\u00edu qua loa s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 s\u1ebd b\u1eebng s\u00e1ng, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. N\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t ra \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ebf t\u1eaft, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 b\u0103n kho\u0103n lo l\u1eafng. Kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t xuy\u00ean qua \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, tr\u00f4i gi\u1ea1t m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t cho c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 b\u1edfi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta; ch\u00fang ta nghe ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac x\u00e1c th\u1eadt h\u01a1n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 y\u00ean t\u00e2m to\u1ea1t nguy\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Nh\u01b0ng ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p l\u1eabn nhau. Khi ch\u00fang ta duy\u1ec7t qua t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi x\u01b0a l\u1eabn th\u1eddi nay ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 coi l\u00e0 cao nh\u1ea5t, nhanh nh\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p uy\u00ean th\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u u \u00e1m n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta r\u01a1i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00fang &#8211; \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xem c\u00e1i n\u00e0o m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb g\u00f2 b\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng (thuy\u1ebft chi\u1ebft trung): ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1 t\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p thi\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh t\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Hindu, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh kinh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Tinh l\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a Sufi, l\u1eddi th\u00e1nh kinh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Jewish v\u1edbi r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n th\u00f4i mi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. Ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft chi\u1ebft trung, tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 cho \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 h\u1eefu \u00edch trong s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng duy v\u1eadt d\u1eaby \u0111\u1ea7y trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u1edfi s\u1eafc, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay. Trong khi ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft chi\u1ebft trung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 y\u00ean t\u00e2m n\u1eeda v\u1eddi, ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u00f3 hai s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nhau trong thuy\u1ebft chi\u1ebft trung, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m cho thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho sau c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft chi\u1ebft trung bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cao xa t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 x\u1ea3o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed3i b\u1ed5 cho c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta. H\u1ecd ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y ch\u00fang, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 truy t\u00ecm tinh th\u1ea7n. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i c\u1ea1n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00fang \u01b0\u1edbt ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 nh\u1ea3y lui l\u00ean b\u1edd. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y cu\u1ed3n cu\u1ed9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n \u0111i tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 can \u0111\u1ea3m d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n tr\u00ean con thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn ra kh\u01a1i th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n s\u00e2u.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai trong thuy\u1ebft chi\u1ebft trung xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p l\u1eabn nhau. Khi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea9m tra trung th\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t to l\u1edbn trong ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh s\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ra th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecf qua nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i qua \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Cho n\u00ean, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb7t ra, m\u1ed9t khi ch\u00fang ta quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft chi\u1ebft trung v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. M\u1ed9t g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f3 x\u1eed n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm trong con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n sau r\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qui t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5; th\u1eadt v\u1eady c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t &#8220;kh\u1ed5&#8221;, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. C\u1ea3 hai t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5, ng\u1eebng h\u1eb3n m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady &#8211; m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5? Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n ni\u1ec1m tin trong th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m linh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1a b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o m\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o m\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n th\u1eed v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra qua t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o c\u00e1i n\u00e0o th\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m linh th\u00ec g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n: l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 sao b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea9u tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n tr\u1eddi ban \u0111\u00eam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi kh\u00f3 x\u1eed n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ngo\u00e0i thi\u1ec3n ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00f2. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9 qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ch\u00fang ta. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m linh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 ba ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n sau:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">1) Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i cho h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5. N\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 hay c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb sai l\u1ea7m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n kh\u00f3 \u1edf c\u1ea7n b\u00e1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1ec7nh t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">2) Th\u1ee9 hai, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u0103n nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean sai l\u1ea1c, th\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">3) Th\u1ee9 ba, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o. N\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i c\u0103n nguy\u00ean. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1eeb ti\u1ec7t c\u0103n nguy\u00ean. N\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c san b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 n\u00e0y, th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa m\u1ecdi tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t; nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee9ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea9u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i khi b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1 ra \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea1o x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au; th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5; th\u1ee9 hai, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean kh\u1ed5; v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i cho ch\u00fang ta ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau theo nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5. L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u nguy t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m tra l\u1ea1i trong ch\u00ednh kinh nghi\u1ec7m tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Song song v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o (ariya atthangika magga). B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Ng\u00e0i l\u00ean t\u1eeb th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft nh\u00e2n th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eadc Th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i . \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t.Trong Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: &#8220;Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1eadc l\u00e0m kh\u1edfi d\u1eady con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi, l\u00e0m cho bi\u1ebft con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, n\u00f3i l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1o, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o, (MN 108)Ng\u00e0i l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c: &#8220;C\u00e1c con ph\u1ea3i tinh c\u1ea7n Ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh Tho\u00e1t th\u1eb1ng th\u00fac ma qu\u00e2n. (kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa k\u1ec7 276)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o d\u1ef1a theo ba ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n: Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u0103n nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%; color: #ff0000;\">S\u1ef1 Kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n xem \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t trong vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0i t\u1ea1o ra T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi l\u1eddi nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5n l\u1ea5y b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 dukkha. M\u1ed9t t\u1eeb trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f2n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i \u0111au v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f5a m\u00e3n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ta, nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00f5i Ph\u1eadt . \u0110\u00f4i khi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n n\u00e0y sinh ra phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n, \u0111au kh\u1ed5, th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng hay tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u1ee3n l\u1edd t\u1ea1i ranh gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng h\u00f2an h\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n s\u1ef1 mong d\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Dukkha theo \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c( nh\u1eefng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 su\u1ed1t h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9) Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 xem nh\u01b0 \u2018kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00f3at&#8217;. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf s\u1ef1 chung chung kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t. Ng\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn. Ng\u00e0i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 dai d\u1eb3ng v\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 sinh, l\u00e3o, b\u1ec7nh, t\u1eed , tai n\u1ea1n, th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ta v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n, trong n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 chia ly, b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. C\u1ea3 ngay trong l\u00fac m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ta v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00f3at kh\u1ecfi n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac khi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ee5t h\u1eabng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u0103ng gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i s\u1ef1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. Ch\u00fang ta tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ch\u1ea1y \u0111u\u1ed5i theo m\u00f4t th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c, hi\u1ebfm khi t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u00ecnh y\u00ean, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n n\u1eb1m ng\u00f2ai t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 \u1edf ngay phi\u00e1 b\u00ean kia ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i khi ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ebft \u0111i, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i danh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecf c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi vun \u0111\u1eafp, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i sau l\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta y\u00eau qu\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u1ebft \u0111i, theo l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5, b\u1edfi chu tr\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng theo c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. Khi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec linh h\u1ed3n, d\u00f2ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c kh\u00e1c. Nhu v\u1eady, c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n lai c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c-sinh ra l\u1edbn l\u00ean r\u1ed3i ch\u1ebft \u0111i- b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng &#8220;samsara&#8221; -s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec5m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c. Cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian bao xa ta c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh- ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta- lang thang t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra: c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, c\u00f5i ng\u00e3 q\u1ee7y, c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f5i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac. N\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t an \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a dukkha (kh\u1ed5). Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00ed do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac h\u00f2an t\u00f2an n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng xoay chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%; color: #ff0000;\">Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n Sanh Kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sinh ra n\u00f3. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd khi mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 th\u00ec ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u1eeb ngay g\u1ed1c n\u01a1i sinh ra n\u00f3. Mu\u1ed1n ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c sinh ra n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5, do v\u1eady \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh ra m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf &#8220;s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a dukkha (n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5)&#8221;. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh ngay trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta, trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m linh, g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i l\u1ecdan t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh. D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trong \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ckilesas\u201d, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 &#8220;c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf&#8221;. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m b\u1ed9 ba tham, s\u00e2n, si. Tham (lobha) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: ham mu\u1ed1n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1i t\u00f4i trong quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 danh v\u1ecdng. S\u00e2n (dosa) d\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf, qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, h\u1eadn, th\u00f9, t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. Si (moha) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 u t\u1ed1i trong t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n: l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m bao b\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">T\u1eeb ba c\u0103n nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y sinh ra th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf kh\u00e1c \u00ad\u00ad- t\u1ef1 ki\u00eau, ghen t\u1ecb, tham v\u1ecdng, th\u1edd th\u1ea9n, g\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c,\u2026- v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf n\u00e0y, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau: trong c\u01a1n \u0111au v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn, ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i, trong n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, trong s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa v\u00f2ng sinh v\u00e0 t\u1eed. Do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au ta ph\u1ea3i ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng \u00fd ch\u00ed, b\u1eb1ng mong mu\u1ed1n l\u1ecdai b\u1ecf n\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1eb3n h\u00f2i. Ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf n\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ta v\u00e0 c\u1eaft\u00a0\u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn cho n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c m\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh (avijja)<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[1]<\/a>. V\u00f4 minh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng nh\u1ecf trong tri th\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. V\u00f4 minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp v\u1ec1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 tinh ranh c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 uu m\u00ea bao l\u1ea5y t\u00e2m tr\u00ed. \u0110\u00f4i khi s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh n\u00e0y h\u1ecdat \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u00edt khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb b\u1ecbp b\u1ee3m gh\u00ea g\u1edbm g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m m\u00e9o m\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ta xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quang, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u do n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Trong nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y, ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00fa d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf. T\u00e2m tr\u00ed ta b\u1eaft l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 qua nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean \u201cl\u00f2ng tham\u201d. Khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t khi b\u1ecb ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf s\u1ebd sinh ra t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn. Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1eb1n tr\u1ecdc trong nh\u1eefng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y m\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd l\u1ea1c trong \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au: v\u00f4 minh sinh c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf, c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf sinh kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f3at kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng \u2013 s\u1ef1 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a x\u00fac gi\u00e1c, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng giao thi\u1ec7p, s\u1ef1 tho\u00e3 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 tr\u00ed. Tuy nhi\u00ean cho d\u00f9 ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng bao ch\u0103ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng bao xa trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb n\u1ed7i \u0111au, v\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t, c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn trong ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%; color: #ff0000;\">Di\u1ec7t Tr\u1eeb C\u0103n Nguy\u00ean C\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au t\u1eeb c\u0103n nguy\u00ean, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch. V\u00ec l\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. Lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c (pa\u00f1\u00f1a). Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 tu s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u00e9o m\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ch\u00fang l\u00e0, hi\u1ec3u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u xuy\u00ean qua quan ni\u1ec7m, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7? B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc l\u00f3m, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, ch\u00fang v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nhau trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb: con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ea1ch ra \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o v\u1edbi t\u00e1m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng, ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 trung \u0111\u1ea1o (majjhima patipada). Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh xa hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, hai c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. M\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed1t tan b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o th\u00fa vui v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 vui th\u00fa, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1c th\u00fa t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t th\u00f4 t\u1ee5c, t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng trong sa \u0111\u1ecda. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ham mu\u1ed1n kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m phi\u1ec1n kh\u1ed5 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n d\u00ednh m\u1eafc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng \u0111\u00f3 thua xa h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1edbi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 nu\u00f4ng chi\u1ec1u theo l\u00f2ng d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 &#8220;th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n, th\u00f4 b\u1ec9, ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c, t\u1ee5c, ti ti\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan kia l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ki\u00ean tr\u00ec trong l\u1ed1i tu t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh x\u00e1c, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c cho s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 ti\u00eau tan ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 coi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n, trong khi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c g\u00e2y ra ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i. n\u1eb1m trong t\u00e2m &#8211; T\u00e2m b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi t\u00ednh tham lam, \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u00e2m ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng nh\u01a1 b\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, n\u1ed7i \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 chu\u1ed1t l\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu c\u00e1i c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3. B\u1edfi v\u1eady \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan th\u1ee9 hai nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 &#8220;\u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, ti ti\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.&#8221;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-2\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Kh\u00e1c xa hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c \u0111oan n\u00e0y l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung \u0111\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00eam b\u1edbt gi\u1eefa hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, nh\u01b0ng n\u1eb1m trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong m\u1ed7i c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00e1nh xa c\u1ef1c \u0111oan s\u1ed1ng theo kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng, nh\u1edd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nh\u1edd d\u1ed3n m\u1ecdi ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o vi\u00eac bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf. L\u00f2ng khao kh\u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u00fa nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c, kh\u00e1c xa v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. N\u00f3 c\u1ed1t \u1edf vi\u1ec7c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tinh th\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1ng gi\u00fap cho n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f4ng nom ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef cho tr\u00e1ng ki\u1ec7n, trong khi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung \u0111\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i &#8220;t\u1ea1o ra nh\u00e3n quan, ta.o ra ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi an l\u1ea1c, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, t\u1edbi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, t\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n.\u201d<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-3\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II: Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn (Samma Ditthi)\u00a0 <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">T\u00e1m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y theo sau y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kia. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng s\u1ee3i gi\u00e2y c\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea5n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y s\u1eaft nh\u1ecf, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y s\u1eaft nh\u1ecf th\u00ec s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y c\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m. Qua m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e1m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 cho y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1eafc tr\u1edf tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, t\u00e1m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 chia l\u00e0m ba nh\u00f3m:<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(i) Nh\u00f3m gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c (silakkhandha), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(ii) nh\u00f3m t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh (samadhikkhandha), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi ch\u00e1nh tin t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">v\u00e0 (iii) nh\u00f3m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (pa\u00f1\u00f1akkhandha), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi ch\u00e1nh tri ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ba nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho ba giai t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n: r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng cao gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng cao t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-4\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[4]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ba giai t\u1ea7ng tu luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qua m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng chung c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o. V\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u1eeb ti\u1ec7t v\u00f4 minh, tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt &#8220;nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0.&#8221; Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eebng ch\u00fat m\u1ed9t, nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tia s\u00e1ng y\u1ebfu \u1edbt lo\u00e9 l\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9t b\u1ecf lo \u00e2u v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xuy\u00ean qua s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng cao t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i thanh th\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng hay ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tan bi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m n\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7i \u01b0u t\u01b0. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e3i khi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng qua h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 qua ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb. Cho n\u00ean, m\u1ed7i khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 tu luy\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y th\u00ec ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng cao gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n qua ba giai t\u1ea7ng, v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh, gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">S\u1ef1 l\u00fang t\u00fang \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Tam V\u00f4 L\u1eadu H\u1ecdc (Ba ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng v\u00f4 l\u1eadu: gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7)*. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 &#8212; bao g\u1ed3m ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy&#8211; l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u1eb1m trong tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ch\u00f3t nh\u01b0 l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Tuy v\u1eady, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u01a1 su\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 qua s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc h\u1ee3p l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy cung \u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong vai tr\u00f2 d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb n\u00e0y. V\u00ec khi t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh m\u1eabn nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp n\u00e2ng cao gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u00e2m s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp th\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kia. Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, n\u01a1i \u0111i t\u1edbi, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i qua trong b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh. C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng lao m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m \u0111i t\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00ec ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng. L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c mu\u1ed1n l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng coi t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng l\u1eafng nghe l\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e1i xe. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o trong chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00ec l\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u00e1i xa kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft do ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t t\u1eeb y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. Ch\u00fang chi ph\u1ed1i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh; ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hay kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 n\u00f3i ra hay n\u00edn l\u1eb7ng, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tri gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang k\u1ebft tinh v\u00e0o trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 xuy\u00ean qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda sau s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 ph\u00eda sau nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng song song v\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u xoay quanh tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra ch\u00fang. B\u1edfi v\u00ec quan ni\u1ec7m bao h\u00e0m \u00fd &#8220;b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n,&#8221; m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, theo sau l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i, ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn. Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u00ec xa r\u1eddi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 sai nh\u1ea7m. Hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, ngay c\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, th\u00ec ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fang, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, khi nh\u00ecn t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o gi\u00fap \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t huy m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn (AN 1:16.2).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Trong \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u1eb3n l\u00ean tr\u00ean. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn (th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u1ea1m vi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. Lo\u1ea1i kia l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn (xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c. H\u1eefu l\u1eadu ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn (xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn) th\u00ec li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. V\u00f4 l\u1eadu th\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y qua ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi chu tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n sinh t\u1eed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%; color: #ff0000;\">H\u1eefu L\u1eadu Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">H\u1eefu l\u1eadu ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn (th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn) \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, lu\u1eadt \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201c ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi\u201d (kammassakata sammaditthi), v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong c\u00e2u: \u201c Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p, h\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u1ec7p; xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p, g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 tr\u1ee3. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0m, d\u00f9 t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u, th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3.\u201d<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-5\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[5]<\/a>\u00a0Nh\u1eefng d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u n\u00f3i th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00edch \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed mang \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, r\u1eb1ng gieo nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o s\u1ebd g\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3, r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb9 cha, r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng uy\u00ean th\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e9 m\u1edf s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-6\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[6]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ta c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, kamma. T\u1eeb ng\u1eef kamma c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p. Theo \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ee7 \u00fd theo \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 \u00fd n\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Do v\u1eady, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u00fd. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i: \u201cn\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p (kamma). Nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u00fd ch\u00ed, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c qua th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, qua l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, ho\u1eb7c qua \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng.\u201d<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-7\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[7]<\/a>\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u00fd ( t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p) ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m cho nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u00e2m linh, m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m linh t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng \u00fd trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed. Ch\u1ee7 \u00fd t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n qua m\u1ed9t trong ba c\u00e1ch: th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u ho\u1eb7c \u00fd- \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ba c\u1eeda t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p (kammadvara). Ch\u1ee7 \u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 qua th\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p; Ch\u1ee7 \u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 qua ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ra trong \u00fd ngh\u0129, d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hay d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m linh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra b\u00ean ng\u00f2ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p. Do v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ba d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1: (i) s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p; (ii) nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p; v\u00e0 (iii) c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong Kinh Ph\u1eadt: \u201c Khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt m\u00f4n ng\u1ed9 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn.\u201d\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-8\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[8]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(i) B\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (akusala) v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala). B\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m linh, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y kh\u1ed5 \u0111au cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m linh, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(ii) V\u00f4 s\u1ed1 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 ra, tuy nhi\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn ra m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh cho m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y Ng\u00e0i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eadp \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1eadp thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p. Trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 ba v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 ba v\u1ec1 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p. M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn ra d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u00e2n chia theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Th\u00e2n c\u00f3 3 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">S\u00e1t sinh (P\u0101n.\u0101tip\u0101to)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp (Adinn\u0101d\u0101nam.).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">T\u00e0 d\u00e2m (K\u0101mesu micch\u0101c\u0101ro)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Kh\u1ea9u c\u00f3 4 nghi\u1ec7p:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">N\u00f3i d\u1ed1i (Mus\u0101v\u0101do).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">N\u00f3i l\u01b0\u1ee1i hai chi\u1ec1u (Pisun.\u0101v\u0101c\u0101).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">N\u00f3i l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c (Pharusav\u0101c\u0101).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">N\u00f3i l\u1eddi v\u00f4 \u00edch (Samphappal\u0101po).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u00dd c\u00f3 3 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Tham mu\u1ed1n (Abhijjh\u0101).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Th\u00f9 o\u00e1n (By\u0101p\u0101do).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn (Micch\u0101dit.t.hi)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Th\u1eadp thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i h\u00f2an t\u00f2an: ki\u00eang b\u1ea3y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng tham lam, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1c \u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ea3y \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u00eang k\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00f2an t\u00f2an b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh l\u00e0 th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi l\u1ebd n\u00f3 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m s\u00f3at h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(iii) Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c sinh ra n\u00f3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean (mula), c\u0103n nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. Do v\u1eady, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. V\u1edbi m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 ba c\u0103n nguy\u00ean. C\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 ba c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y- tham, s\u00e2n, si. M\u1ecdi nghi\u1ec7p xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p. Ba c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, Trong th\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a th\u00ec n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tham (alobha), v\u00f4 s\u00e2n (adosa), v\u00e0 v\u00f4 si (amoha). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ba c\u0103n nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh. V\u00f4 tham ng\u1ee5 \u00fd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn, v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; v\u00f4 s\u00e2n ng\u1ee5 \u00fd t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u00e1i, thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m, nhu h\u00f2a; v\u00e0 v\u00f4 si ng\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. M\u1ecdi nghi\u1ec7p xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh ra nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Quy lu\u1eadt v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i gi\u1eef cho s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i \u1edf trong t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 , g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ecd qu\u1ea3 (vipaka), &#8220;qu\u1ea3 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i\u201d, hay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phala, \u201cqu\u1ea3\u201d. Quy lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdat \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u00e1c b\u00e1o, thi\u1ec7n lai thi\u1ec7n b\u00e1o. Qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, hay c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m ngay trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1o xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ee7 say trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed7i khi ch\u00fang ta g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u01b0u d\u1ea5u trong gi\u00f2ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m , n\u01a1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c l\u01b0u v\u00e0 t\u00edch uy l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.Khi nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y ch\u00edn m\u00f9i n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1eebng t\u1ec9nh kh\u1ecfi gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 s\u00e2u v\u00e0 sinh ra nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng b\u00e1o v\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p. S\u1ef1 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y, ki\u1ebfp sau, hay xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng b\u00e1o trong khi \u0111\u1ea7u thai chuy\u1ec3n ki\u1ebfp, hay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng b\u00e1o trong hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfp, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ni\u1ec1m vui v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i \u0111au, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, th\u0103ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7m m\u00e0 m\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, qui lu\u1eadt b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u1eabn l\u00e0: thi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n b\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u00e1c b\u00e1o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 qui lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m gi\u1eef v\u1eefng ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong ki\u1ebfp sau, \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i ( cho r\u1eb1ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t khi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i). Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i gi\u1eefa thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 sai, trong qui lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch quan, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m duy t\u00e2m ch\u1ee7 quan- n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 quan hay s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m s\u00f3at c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd h\u00f2an t\u00f2an trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee7 quan duy t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u1ee5 \u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn gi\u00fap ta hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u, \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 sai c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 sai. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 sai, tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn cho h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay sai. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qui \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean b\u1edfi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1ch quan m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c , \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n lu\u00e2n l\u00ed kh\u00e1ch quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, qui lu\u1eadt r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 \u00fd, g\u00e2y n\u00ean h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 cho kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 gi\u1eefa nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 \u00fd. Kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng ng\u00f2ai d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ban th\u01b0\u1edfng hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n l\u00ed hay b\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n l\u00ed s\u1ebd sinh ra h\u1eadu b\u00e1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7. Tuy nhi\u00ean ngay c\u1ea3 khi qui lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1eddng minh th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i quan \u0111\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c- v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3- v\u00e0 ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u qui lu\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a trong n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00ed v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ecb che \u0111\u1eady b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n b\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 tri. Th\u00f4ng qua kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung s\u00e2u, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t si\u00eau n\u0103ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n (dibbacakkhu), m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u1ea9n sau con m\u1eaft tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t khi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng trong sinh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. V\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn si\u00eau n\u0103ng, r\u1ed3i th\u00ec n\u00f3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, l\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh ch\u1ebft \u0111i v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o, l\u00ed do m\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec7n b\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u00e1c b\u00e1o th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[9]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%; color: #ff0000;\">V\u00f4 L\u1eadu Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh x\u1eed trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn cao q\u00fai trong s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh \u1edf ki\u1ebfp sau, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi cao qu\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0nh d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, may m\u1eafn t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean \u1edf trong c\u00f5i thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec trong tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. Nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i th\u00f3at b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t chu tr\u00ecnh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t s\u00e2u xa, m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m mang l\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng soi v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, ngay c\u1ea3 sai s\u00f3t tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">V\u00f4 l\u1eadu ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn (xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn) d\u1eabn t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c: l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf: &#8220;Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 g\u00ec? N\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf), th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 (t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf), th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 (di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf), th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5 (\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf)\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-10\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[10]<\/a>. B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft bao qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf, c\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t trong tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1ed1ng nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 (dukkha) t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba \u00fd v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 trong nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi, \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 (kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf): Sanh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, gi\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, b\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, s\u1ea7u \u0111au, than van, \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, ti\u1ebfc th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5; kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i g\u1ea7n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i xa l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec kh\u1ed5, n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-11\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[11]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">L\u1eddi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi. Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n (pa\u00f1cupadanakkandha) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ai, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n &#8212; s\u1eafc v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c &#8211; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ee7. Ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta n\u1eafm b\u1eaft cho ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u1ec1u r\u01a1i v\u00e0o trong t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n. Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c sinh ra to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129, m\u1ed1i x\u00fac c\u1ea3m, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n trong c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm t\u1edbi, &#8220;th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.&#8221; Th\u1eadt v\u1eady \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Ng\u00e0i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111em t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ea3i qua, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0o trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 (dukkha ).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: T\u1ea1i sao \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5? Nguy\u00ean do \u0111\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n. Ch\u00fang thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t na, sanh r\u1ed3i di\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean qua s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00ec l\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00edu l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho s\u1ef1 y\u00ean \u1ed5n. Ch\u1ec9 t\u00f2an l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tan r\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t khi m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu v\u00e0o tham d\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai ch\u1ec9 ra c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5. T\u1eeb trong nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nguy\u00ean x\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 tham \u00e1i (tanha) l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ee9t v\u1ec1 &#8220;ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u0103n nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed5. Ch\u00ednh N\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham \u00e1i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ham th\u00edch, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f3ai l\u1ea1c, tham mu\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n, v\u00e0 tham mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng sinh t\u1ed3n.**\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-12\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[12]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u0103n nguy\u00ean. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5, v\u1eady th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u1ecdai tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8220;\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5. Ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gia gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u00e0 bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n.&#8221;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-13\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[13]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thanh t\u0129nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi ham mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (nirvana), l\u00e0 vui h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thanh th\u1ea3n khi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda tham s\u00e2n si \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eadp t\u1eaft trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0a ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1edbi di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn ra Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110ao.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai trong hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf (saccanulomika samma ditthi); Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn th\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf (saccapativedha samma ditthi). \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. M\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh ra do s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf. Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1edb ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh &#8212; tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1eadp trung, k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. S\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t sanh ra do qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. T\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m khi t\u00e2m t\u01b0 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c xa r\u1eddi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c bao g\u1ed3m trong ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thanh th\u1ea3n, Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, khi t\u00e2m nh\u00e3n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u00fac T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n. Do s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (dukkha), con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00ec ch\u00fang b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ham mu\u1ed1n; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng tham d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 (dukkha). Khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n, l\u00e0 l\u00fac nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thanh t\u0129nh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111em t\u1edbi. V\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u1edbi do th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1edbi di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn th\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecdan ch\u00f3t c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xuy\u00ean qua tu t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam xuy\u00ean qua suy ng\u1eabm. Quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tu t\u1eadp, d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c, t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Khi s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 m\u1edf ra, th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Ch\u00fa Th\u00edch:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Tam V\u00f4 L\u1eadu H\u1ecdc: Ba ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, hay c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i sanh t\u1eed:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">1) Gi\u1edbi hay tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi: Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi. Gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc l\u1ed3ng nh\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tr\u1ed9m tham, s\u00e2n, si, m\u1ea1n, nghi, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ea1o, d\u00e2m, v\u1ecdng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">2) \u0110\u1ecbnh: Ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n cho t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u201cgi\u1edbi,\u201d trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tu luy\u1ec7n cho t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">3) Hu\u1ec7: Tu t\u1eadp tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdan tr\u1eeb tam \u0111\u1ed9c tham lam, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tu gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ba la m\u1eadt. V\u1edbi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ba la m\u1eadt, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tr\u1ed9m n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">** \u00fd ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng-sinh-t\u1ed3n: Kinh Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n d\u1ea1y: &#8220;Ch\u00ednh \u00e1i d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh (ponobhavika). \u00e1i, h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m thi\u1ebft tha khao kh\u00e1t, b\u00e1m n\u00edu v\u00e0o c\u00e1i n\u1ea7y hay c\u00e1i kia (\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng). Ch\u00ednh \u00e1i \u0111eo n\u00edu theo nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n, \u00e1i \u0111eo n\u00edu theo s\u1ef1 sinh-t\u1ed3n, v\u00e0 \u00e1i \u0111eo n\u00edu theo \u00fd ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng-sinh-t\u1ed3n.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Chapter III: Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy (Samma Sankappa)\u00a0 <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Pali l\u00e0 samma sankappa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 &#8220;Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy.&#8221; Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 &#8220;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fang,&#8221; s\u1ef1 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ea1ch v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n nay danh t\u1eeb &#8220;t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng&#8221; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 g\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea1o n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4 l\u1eadp trong nh\u1eefng khung ph\u00f2ng ri\u00eang r\u1ebd nh\u01b0ng dung h\u00f2a v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nhau trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan g\u1ea7n g\u1ee7i. S\u1edf th\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd suy nghi\u1ec7m th\u00e2m s\u00e2u, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c nh\u1edd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy theo ba ngh\u0129a: \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh, \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-14\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[14]<\/a>\u00a0Ba \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ba t\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng: ch\u1ee7 \u00fd do d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1, ch\u1ee7 \u00fd do \u00e1c t\u00e2m ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd do t\u00ednh g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-15\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[15]<\/a>M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy. \u00dd nguy\u1ec7n qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u00fd s\u1ed1ng theo d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb t\u00e2m tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u00e1c t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra h\u00f3a ch\u1ebf nh\u1ecb tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 (ph\u00e2n chia t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i) tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi gian Ng\u00e0i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (see MN 19). Trong l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, Ng\u00e0i thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong r\u1eebng, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ra l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t chung c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t, t\u00e0 t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i, trong lo\u1ea1i kia l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i. H\u1ec5 khi n\u00e0o Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m, Ng\u00e0i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u0103n tr\u1edf tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn xa kh\u1ecfi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Suy ng\u1eabm trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y Ng\u00e0i xua \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, Ng\u00e0i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, gi\u00fap th\u00eam cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n. B\u1edfi v\u1eady Ng\u00e0i t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t huy nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang t\u1edbi vi\u00ean m\u00e3n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ba c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n \u00fd ni\u1ec7m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c h\u0103ng say h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf gian c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t sinh ra ch\u00fang. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1m b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u, l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang v\u00e0o trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111ang tr\u1ed5i d\u1eady. Khi m\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy kh\u1edfi d\u1eady \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u b\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tham mu\u1ed1n g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, d\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang. Khi m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady lan r\u1ed9ng, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 gh\u00ea g\u1edbm c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh, s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i t\u00e2m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1 t\u00e2m, l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e8o l\u00e1i b\u1edfi tham, s\u00e2n, si.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Nh\u01b0ng khi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00fang, h\u00e0nh vi s\u1ebd \u0111\u00fang, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u1ef1 m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p; th\u1eadt v\u1eady h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, trong khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-16\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[16]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">V\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf, b\u1edfi v\u1eady quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1eadt ra ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1ea9y sinh ra \u00fd ni\u1ec7m qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd n\u1ea9y sinh ra hai \u00fd ni\u1ec7m kia c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy (\u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u1eeb t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i). Khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp \u0111au kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, th\u00ec t\u00e2m t\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf &#8212; t\u1eeb b\u1ecf d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta. Sau \u0111\u00f3, khi ch\u00fang ta \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0o ch\u00fang sanh trong t\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, ni\u1ec1m \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, v\u00e0 th\u00eam n\u1eefa gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta ch\u00fang sanh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5. S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e0m cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi &#8211; l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau mong \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh an. S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0m cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi (\u00fd nguy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i)&#8211; l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n mong \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00f3at kh\u1ecfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">T\u1eeb l\u00fac vi\u1ec7c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a ba \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. T\u00e2m si, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m ch\u00ednh, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 tr\u1eeb ti\u1ec7t t\u00e2m si s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ch\u1ee3t ng\u00fam t\u1eaft th\u00ec s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb t\u00e2m si c\u0169ng t\u1eaft theo. Hai ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n kia, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea1c do c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb trong nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u1eeb t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i (t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">V\u00ec l\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi; tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n ra b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. T\u00e2m tham v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n ra d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a &#8220;s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129&#8221;, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay th\u1ebf ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i. \u00dd ni\u1ec7m qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh cung c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb t\u00e2m tham. T\u00e2m tham hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn trong \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ham mu\u1ed1n&#8211;nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ham mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c, ham mu\u1ed1n l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, v\u00e0 ham mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu. \u00dd ni\u1ec7m qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh n\u1ea3y sinh ra t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tham lam, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y tr\u1ed5i d\u1eady m\u1ed7i khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00e1i ngh\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, khi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh v\u00f9ng d\u1eady, ch\u00fang tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ham mu\u1ed1n ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00e2m, nh\u1edd v\u1eady l\u00e0m cho t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng tham thay th\u1ebf \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tham. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u1eeb t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n cung \u1ee9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t \u00fd s\u00e2n. T\u00e1nh s\u00e2n th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n&#8211;nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch hay o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn; ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 do \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u00e0n h\u1ea1i&#8211; nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4i th\u00fac t\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. \u00dd ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u00e1c l\u0169 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u00e0, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u00e1c l\u0169 c\u1ee7a t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%; color: #ff0000;\">\u00dd Nguy\u1ec7n Xu\u1ea5t Gia<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00f2ng v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1eadn theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng n\u00e0y m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1eaft nhung m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u. L\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t gia th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n: s\u1ee9c l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. D\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-17\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[17]<\/a>\u00a0Th\u1eadt v\u1eady s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t gia, xa l\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi tham d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n tham d\u1ee5c, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng trong tu vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c vui th\u00fa ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00e2m t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i l\u00e0: \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb ti\u1ec7t l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tinh t\u1ea5n theo B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n. V\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ee9c chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tham d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. B\u1edfi tham d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t gia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y, khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m. T\u00e2m tr\u00ed th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc n\u1eafm gi\u1eef trong t\u00e2m. B\u1edfi v\u00ec qua m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u d\u00e0i th\u00f3i quen l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm, ch\u1ee5p gi\u1ef1t, v\u00e0 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd mu\u1ed1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00eca b\u1ecf gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong mu\u1ed1n r\u1eddi b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau, nh\u01b0ng khi ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 vang l\u00ean th\u00ec n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m l\u1ea1i r\u1ee5t r\u00e8 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c lao m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a tham d\u1ee5c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch c\u1ee7a tham d\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft&#8211; k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng xua \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u00f2ng tham d\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 kinh ho\u00e0ng. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 che d\u1ea5u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, l\u00e0m cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi l\u00f2ng tham d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e0y v\u00f2 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecf \u0111i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u1edf r\u1ed9 trong t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta. Khi ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ee5c, khi ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ee5c k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t tinh t\u1ebf, l\u00f2ng tham d\u1ee5c s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 tan bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ee5c t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng tham d\u1ee5c l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tham d\u1ee5c, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi chu tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng, \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb c\u00e2u th\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tham d\u1ee5c b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho ch\u00fang ta. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ee5c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111i, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd&#8221; (yoniso manasikara). T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00f2ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta hay b\u1ecb sai l\u1ea1c b\u1edfi &#8220;kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd&#8221; (ayoniso manasikara). Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ch\u00fang d\u1ef1a theo s\u1edf th\u00edch hay ham mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ee9t th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta; r\u1ea5t \u00edt khi ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u v\u00e0o g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 hay t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i cho r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7: nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7m k\u00edn n\u00fap sau h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, th\u0103m d\u00f2 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Trong s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u00e0y s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i l\u1ea1c th\u00fa c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. V\u00ec an t\u00f2an th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u1ef1a theo s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a theo s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c th\u00fa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Khi m\u00e0 tham d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng tham d\u1ee5c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi b\u00f3ng. \u0110\u00f4i khi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 qua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn hay b\u1ee9c r\u1ee9c; th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u00ecm s\u00e2u trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai &#8211; tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u2013 l\u00e0 hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n chu tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i. V\u00e0o l\u00fac tham \u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean trong ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n, \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00ec khao kh\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u1ed7i \u0111au n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u00f2ng tham \u00e1i. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y, ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00f4i khi tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng. Nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00ec ni\u1ec1m vui th\u00edch c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1. Ch\u00fang ta lo l\u1eafng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ph\u1ea3i thu nh\u1eb7t l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n, ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eebng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 tham \u00e1i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0129nh c\u1eedu: l\u00f2ng tham a\u00ed mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tham \u00e1i th\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i v\u1eadt, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, hay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7t ly c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ly l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c: r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u00e0ng ch\u1eb7t th\u00ec \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u; \u00edt r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c th\u00ec \u00edt \u0111au kh\u1ed5; kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-18\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[18]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">S\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 v\u1ed1n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi tham \u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00e2m c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00edch l\u1ee3i sinh ra do s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng tham \u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5, t\u1eeb gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa th\u00edch r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm, th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n t\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cao qu\u00fd v\u00e0 y\u00ean \u1ed5n, t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7. Tham \u00e1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t sinh ra s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n phi\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra can tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 vui v\u1ebd. S\u1ef1 qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ba b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc: n\u00f3 g\u1ea1n l\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh khi\u1ebft, tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c t\u0129nh t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m trong Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf, &#8220;bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Khi ch\u00fang ta qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb t\u1eeb ch\u00fang ta h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m r\u1eddi xa kh\u1ecfi s\u1ee9c chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i. Nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c r\u1ee5ng r\u01a1i t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc l\u00e1 tr\u00ean c\u00e2y, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 thanh tho\u00e1t. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, nh\u01b0ng khi ki\u00ean tr\u00ec tu t\u1eadp th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn. Xuy\u00ean qua vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eadt m\u1ed9t v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c, \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t gia \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eadt \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%; color: #ff0000;\">\u00dd Nguy\u1ec7n T\u00e2m T\u1eeb<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u00dd nguy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u00e1c t\u00e2m, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u0103m h\u1eadn. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a tham d\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb \u00e1c t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c n\u00f3, bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 n\u1ed7i c\u0103m h\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh hay kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0m nh\u1eb9 s\u1ef1 c\u0103n th\u1eb3ng, h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef &#8220;ra kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta,&#8221; nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u nguy hi\u1ec3m. N\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sanh ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i, kh\u01a1i d\u1eady l\u00f2ng tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a, g\u00e2y ra k\u1ebb th\u00f9, ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng m\u1ed1i th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 sinh ra \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p: cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, th\u00ec \u00e1c t\u00e2m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 b\u1ecb nh\u1eadn s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m v\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ee5c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf, c\u0169ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c xua \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ee9c t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1c t\u00e2m. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n, ch\u00e1n n\u00e3n tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb \u00e1c t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Pali g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 metta (t\u00e2m t\u1eeb). Danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;b\u1ea1n,&#8221; nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a cao xa h\u01a1n t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb d\u1ecbch n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng danh t\u1eeb &#8220;s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u00e1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau,&#8221; \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0: c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c to\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfu ra cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ed5i quan t\u00e2m t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1y l\u00f2ng d\u00e0nh cho ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. T\u00e2m t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u1ed1t trong l\u00f2ng, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1eadn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi si\u00eau ph\u00e0m. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00fac c\u1ea3m th\u00e2m s\u00e2u trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i mang c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. Khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh t\u00e2m t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean t\u1edbi cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5 (brahmavihara,) &#8220;n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3,&#8221; con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m to\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng ni\u1ec1m ao \u01b0\u1edbc cho h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m t\u1eeb (metta) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i, trong khi t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn: ch\u00fang ta y\u00eau m\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 cho ch\u00fang ta ni\u1ec1m vui th\u00edch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, hay l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf t\u1ea1o cho ta m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1ed1t. Hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 khi n\u00e0o t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3, ngay c\u1ea3 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">T\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong t\u00e2m t\u1eeb, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec3m li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau th\u00e2n \u00e1i, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 b\u1edd, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u00e2m t\u1eeb t\u1edbi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c bao la n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch trau d\u1ed3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch tu t\u1eadp trong thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t sanh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00ean kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb \u00e1c t\u00ednh. Quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u00e0 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1eb3n, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. T\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng, theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh khi n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0ng theo lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sai khi\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng xuy\u00ean qua s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0103n s\u00e2u, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n trong t\u00e2m t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t sinh th\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb-qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng (metta-bhavana), thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng-th\u00e2n \u00e1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o. Thi\u1ec1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n \u00e1i d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-19\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[19]<\/a>\u00a0M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean t\u1ef1 l\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u1eeb b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n \u00e1i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n \u00e1i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Khi t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, n\u00f3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m ti\u00eau tan l\u1edbp v\u00f5 kh\u00f4 c\u1ee9ng do th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean, cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e2n \u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m tu\u00f4n ch\u1ea3y ra ngo\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u1ed9t khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec b\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb xoay quanh s\u1ef1 tu s\u1eeda t\u00e2m t\u00ednh, khi qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 t\u00ednh v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00e2m l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh. Thay v\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn, s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129 n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chia s\u1ebb \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t theo t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ta. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, ngay khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebd s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1ed1ng nhau. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, v\u00e0 an l\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang chia s\u1ebb ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, coi s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 mong m\u1ecfi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 r\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd \u0111i\u1ec1u mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u00ean kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn xa b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 r\u1ea3i ra b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n y\u00eau, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 hay th\u1ea7y c\u00f4, r\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi b\u1ea1n, k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung quanh, r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh b\u00e0 con nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng chung v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng: &#8220;C\u1ea7u mong \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng an l\u1ea1c !!! C\u1ea7u mong \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac !!! C\u1ea7u mong \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh an v\u00f4 s\u1ef1 !!!\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-20\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[20]<\/a>\u00a0Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong s\u1ef1 r\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u1ea5m \u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u1eeb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. M\u1ed9t khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb t\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, t\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01a1 giao, t\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch. Sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang sanh trong nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng&#8211;\u0111\u00f4ng, nam, t\u00e2y, b\u1eafc, \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi&#8211;Sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u00e2n \u00e1i &#8220;r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn bao la, cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eadn th\u00f9, kh\u00f4ng \u00e1c c\u1ea3m.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u00dd Nguy\u1ec7n B\u1ea5t H\u1ea1i<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u00dd nguy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i ai l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn (karuna), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u01a1i d\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch, ch\u00e8n \u00e9p, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o t\u00e0n. L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn b\u1ed5 sung cho t\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1i. Trong khi m\u00e0 t\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh l\u00e0 mong \u01b0\u1edbc cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, th\u00ec l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb, l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn sanh kh\u1edfi do s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed7i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia s\u1ebb v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, chia s\u1ebd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn d\u1eady l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ta, \u0111\u1ec1u mong mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1m ao \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb g\u00e2y \u01b0u phi\u1ec1n b\u1edfi \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n, c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi m\u1eabn th\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i coi c\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. S\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm v\u1ec1 bi m\u1eabn d\u00e2ng tr\u00e0n trong tim. Sau \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, r\u1ed3i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu coi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c bi m\u1eabn nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng. M\u1ed9t kim chi nam h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ebf th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang sanh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0, r\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1n, k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5, than kh\u00f3c, \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, n\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng v.v&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ef9 m\u00e3n trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u00e2m bi do s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang sinh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec1m vui th\u00edch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do nh\u1eefng phuong ti\u1ec7n tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng may m\u1eafn , nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111ang b\u1ecb l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m day d\u1ee9t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ra ngo\u00e0i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u1ed7i \u0111au bu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, nhung h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafng sinh ra do nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi suy t\u01b0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 bao ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n x\u00e9t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 \u0111au tri\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, g\u00e2y ra do tham, s\u00e2n, si xuy\u00ean qua chu k\u1ef3 sanh t\u1eed. N\u1ebfu kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e2m bi th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi r\u1ea3i ra cho ch\u00fang sinh v\u00ec h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xa l\u1ea1, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hung \u0111\u00fac l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb t\u00e2m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n r\u1eb1ng trong chu k\u1ef3 t\u00e1i sanh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 cha, l\u00e0 ch\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 anh, l\u00e0 con trai ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ta trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">T\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ba lo\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy &#8212; qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh, t\u00e2m t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i \u2013 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ba t\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t, \u00e1c t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1o t\u00e0n. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady nh\u1eefng ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi th\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft su\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 coi qua cho bi\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i suy t\u01b0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang sanh khao kh\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o; \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang sanh mong mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u00dd ngh\u0129 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 mi\u1ebfng g\u1ed7 ch\u00e8n m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t n\u1eb1m \u1edf trong t\u00e2m; t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec7n th\u00ec tuong t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 mi\u1ebfng g\u1ed7 ch\u00e8n m\u1edbi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i b\u00faa d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng mi\u1ebfng g\u1ed7 ch\u00e8n m\u1edbi v\u00e0o t\u1ed1ng mi\u1ebfng g\u1ed7 c\u0169 ra ngo\u00e0i. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng mi\u1ebfng g\u1ed7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0o l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh &#8212; L\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho ch\u00fang ta ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 do \u00fd mu\u1ed1n m\u1ea1nh y\u1ebfu trong t\u00e2m. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng hay ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, h\u1eadn th\u00f9, ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n, t\u00e0 t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed b\u1ea1o t\u00e0n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch trong t\u00e2m. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean suy ngh\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh, t\u00e2m t\u1eeb v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m trong t\u00e2m. H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ecdn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta, tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ea9y sinh ra trong ch\u00fang ta t\u1eebng l\u00fac t\u1eebng l\u00fac m\u1ed9t trong su\u1ed1t d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 80%;\"><strong>Chapter IV: Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef, Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p, Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng\u00a0<em>(Samma Vaca, Samma Kammanta, Samma Ajiva)<\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_4.html#top\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0- Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef, Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng &#8211; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111i chung v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1o l\u00ean nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong ba nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng cao gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c (silakkhandha). Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n tr\u1edf nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m nh\u1eafm nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c thanh l\u1ecdc t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh ho\u00e1 trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p. Nh\u01b0ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bv\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng cao gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa ba nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u1eb9. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Ng\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, &#8220;nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nguy hi\u1ec3m trong c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i nh\u1ecf.&#8221; M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, khi m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 Kheo \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 xin Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebfp ph\u00e1p v\u1eafn t\u1eaft, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng cho v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 Kheo: &#8220;V\u1eady n\u00e0y T\u1ef7-kheo, \u00d4ng ph\u1ea3i g\u1ed9t s\u1ea1ch hai ph\u00e1p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hai ph\u00e1p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p? Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi kh\u00e9o thanh t\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 tri ki\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c. N\u00e0y T\u1ef7-kheo, khi n\u00e0o \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi kh\u00e9o thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tri ki\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c, n\u00e0y T\u1ef7-kheo, \u00d4ng h\u00e3y y c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean gi\u1edbi, an tr\u00fa tr\u00ean gi\u1edbi, tu t\u1eadp b\u1ed1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 theo ba c\u00e1ch.&#8221;(SN 47: 3).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Trong ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb Pali ch\u1eef\u00a0<em>sila\u00a0<\/em>ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 &#8220;gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh,&#8221; , xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng cao gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c. Sila trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt hay nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, sila l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 sila l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng sila \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u1edf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c, d\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu x\u00f3t v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u1edf c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p, sila t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf (viratiyo) &#8211; Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef, Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng &#8212; m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m. V\u00ec v\u1eady trong vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng cao gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c mang \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0m \u00f4 u\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 sai qu\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i theo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh &#8220;morality &#8211; \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c&#8221; v\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1<em>\u00a0sila<\/em>; \u00dd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c &#8216;morality l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n, c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a sila b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c,\u00a0<em>samadhana<\/em>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;<em>s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/em>&#8221; ho\u1eb7c\u00a0<em>&#8220;s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3<\/em>p&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">S\u1ef1 tr\u00ec h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a sila d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 &#8211; x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e2m l\u00fd, nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu. \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a sila gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau g\u1eafng k\u1ebft v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 va ch\u1ea1m, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m. \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m l\u00fd sila mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a cho t\u00e2m , b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chia tr\u1ebb g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i. \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ec gi\u1eef sila \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, do \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft. V\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu, sila gi\u00fap thanh l\u1ecdc t\u00e2m tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thanh th\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u1ed9t khi m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng cao gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, trong s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 Sila h\u01a1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 sai. M\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ghi v\u00e0o trong gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u kia th\u00ec h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n; Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb &#8220;h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m&#8221; (varitta) v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y th\u00ec d\u00f9ng &#8220;h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&#8221; (caritta). L\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 tr\u00e1nh xa \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc tu t\u1eadp theo s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (logical h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian) trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 ng\u00f4n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa: &#8220;Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, Hu\u00e2n tu c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0nh, Gi\u1eef t\u00e2m \u00fd t\u1ecbnh thanh &#8212; \u0111\u00e2y hu\u1ea5n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt&#8221; ( v. 183). Hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c &#8211; tu t\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m \u00fd &#8211; c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0nh th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd \u0111i sai l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng cao gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m quan tr\u1ecdng &#8211; c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp bao g\u1ed3m ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef, Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t ri\u00eang l\u1ebb t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef\u00a0<em>(samma vaca)<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt chia Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chia r\u1ebd, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i nh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecf qua. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat suy ngh\u0129 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft , c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 to l\u1edbn c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i hay g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, khi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i th\u00fa \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u00ednh n\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh . L\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tan n\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebb th\u00f9, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh, ho\u1eb7c l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan, ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng chia r\u1ebd, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, B\u00e2y gi\u1edd trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhanh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng.N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0m cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0m cho xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(1)Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i\u00a0<em>(musavada veramani)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf n\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c \u1edf gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, ho\u1eb7c trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng \u00f4ng ta n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng ta bi\u1ebft, \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: &#8221; t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec &#8220;, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft, \u00f4ng ta tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:&#8221; t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft &#8220;; n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y g\u00ec, \u00f4ng ta tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: &#8220;T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y g\u00ec c\u1ea3,&#8221; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: &#8220;. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y&#8221; V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u1ed1 \u00fd n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-21\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[21]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt. M\u1eb7t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, m\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea9n \u00fd trong \u00fd ngh\u0129 mu\u1ed1n l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 sai m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 tin \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m d\u1ed1i g\u1ea1t M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 n\u1eb1m chung trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, cho d\u00f9 tham lam, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, si m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c.Tham l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n cu\u1ee7 m\u00ecnh &#8211; s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, hay s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9. V\u1edbi l\u00f2ng c\u0103m th\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. Khi v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1, thi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u00edt nguy h\u1ea1i : l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i v\u00f4 l\u00fd, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c, th\u00edch th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng, n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd vui \u0111\u00f9a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u, n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i l\u00e0 g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tin c\u1eady l\u1eabn nhau, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt; do s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec7t ph\u00e1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt l\u00f4i k\u00e9o h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nghi ng\u1edd, n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i tr\u00e0n lan tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 nguy b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m tai h\u1ea1i. B\u1edfi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i th\u00eam. N\u00f3i d\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i: nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u00e2n l\u00ean, v\u00e0 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang nh\u1ed1t ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 su kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi.S\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thu nh\u1ecf cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 quan. Trong m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, b\u1ecb h\u00fat b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng la n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u1ea9n \u00fd \u0111\u1eb1ng sau nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, v\u1ecb Sadi tr\u1ebb Rahula, ngay sau khi Rahula th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Rahula, ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1eadu n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc trong \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi:<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8220;La H\u1ea7u La, con c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong ch\u1eadu n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng?&#8221;<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">T\u00f4n Gi\u1ea3 La H\u1ea7u La tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: &#8220;Th\u01b0a v\u00e2ng, B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n.&#8221;<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8220;C\u0169ng \u00edt v\u1eady, n\u00e0y Rahula, l\u00e0 Sa-m\u00f4n h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0m qu\u00fd.&#8221;<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc,v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1eadu xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i:<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8220;. N\u00e0y Rahula, \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y ch\u00fat \u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1ea5y b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111i. C\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111i v\u1eady, n\u00e0y Rahula, l\u00e0 Sa-m\u00f4n h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0m qu\u00fd&#8221;<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">R\u1ed3i Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u1eadt \u00fap ch\u1eadu n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Rahula.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8212; N\u00e0y Rahula, \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y ch\u1eadu n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u00fap \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng?:<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8212; Th\u01b0a v\u00e2ng, b\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8211;C\u0169ng l\u1eadt \u00fap v\u1eady, n\u00e0y Rahula, l\u00e0 Sa-m\u00f4n h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0m qu\u00fd.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">R\u1ed3i Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u1eadt ng\u1eeda tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u1eadu n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Rahula:<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8212; N\u00e0y Rahula, \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y ch\u1eadu n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8212; Th\u01b0a v\u00e2ng, b\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8212; C\u0169ng tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y Rahula, l\u00e0 Sa-m\u00f4n h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0m qu\u00fd.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y Rahula, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ai bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0m qu\u00fd, th\u1eddi Ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c g\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m. Do v\u1eady, n\u00e0y Rahula, &#8220;Ta quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e1o, d\u1ea7u n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ch\u01a1i&#8221;, n\u00e0y Rahula, \u00d4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f9a.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">MN 61<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 qua nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp, \u0110\u1ee9c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c cam k\u1ebft n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i th\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u01b0\u1ee3t ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed thanh l\u1ecdc t\u00e2m, \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ri\u00eang t\u01b0. Hai l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 bao g\u1ed3m trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh x\u1eed ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt (sacca) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra ch\u00e2n l\u00fd to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trung th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang , l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i trung th\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, cho ph\u00e9p tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nhu v\u1eady, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m v\u1edbi l\u1eddi n\u00f3i trung th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf l\u00f2ng tham c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ec7t b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(2) Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi chia r\u1ebd\u00a0<em>(pisunaya vacaya veramani)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 nghe n\u00f3i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd; v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 nghe n\u00f3i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kia ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb chia r\u1ebd; v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p. S\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y vui, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea7y vui s\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 h\u00e2n hoan trong s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p; v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y vui b\u1edfi l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-23\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[23]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">l\u1eddi n\u00f3i chia r\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 chia r\u1ebd, l\u00e0m cho gi\u1eadn gh\u00e9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau l\u1eddi n\u00f3i chia r\u1ebd n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00e1c c\u1ea3m, b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7, \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i l\u1eddi chia r\u1ebd. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1i g\u00ec: \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1i \u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, vui th\u00edch nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 chia r\u1ebd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">l\u1eddi n\u00f3i chia r\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t.Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, ngo\u00e0i ra v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra sau khi suy ngh\u0129 n\u00ean \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m th\u00eam v\u00e0o l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.Khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng chia r\u1ebd l\u00e0 sai, hai sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 v\u00e0 chia r\u1ebd k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1eddi vu kh\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00f4 minh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh ngay trong \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u1eddi chia r\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m. N\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi chia r\u1ebd c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n chung th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd quay l\u01b0ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi chia r\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-24\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[24]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(3) Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c\u00a0<em>(pharusaya v acaya veramani).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c,. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i nhu h\u00f2a, \u00eam tai, d\u1ec5 th\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m, tao nh\u00e3, \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-25\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[25]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">L\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u00f4 \u00e1c l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00e2y \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m trong nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ba lo\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u00e1c c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung x\u1ea5u: ch\u1eedi m\u1eafng, m\u1eafng, ho\u1eb7c qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi cay \u0111\u1eafng. Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m: l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau b\u1eb1ng quy g\u00e1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 m\u1ec9a mai: n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i ca ng\u1ee3i anh ta, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giai \u0111i\u1ec7u \u1ea9n \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec9a mai tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u0103n nguy\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u00f4 \u00e1c l\u00e0 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh, thi\u1ebfu suy t\u00ednh, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c vi ph\u1ea1m \u00edt nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi n\u00f3i l\u1eddi chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u00f4 \u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u1ea3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00ec v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn &#8211; h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn ngay c\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u01b0 T\u1ef7-kheo, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 li\u1ec7t, d\u00f9ng c\u01b0a hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i m\u00e0 c\u01b0a tay, c\u01b0a ch\u00e2n; d\u1ea7u v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ai \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u1edfi \u00fd nhi\u1ec5m lo\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ta. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u01b0 T\u1ef7-kheo c\u00e1c \u00d4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 sau: &#8220;Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd gi\u1eef t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec5m; ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1t ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u00e1c ng\u1eef; ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng l\u00e2n m\u1eabn, v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi, v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng bao ph\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u00e2m c\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi t\u1eeb. V\u00e0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ta s\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn m\u00e3n c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u00e2m c\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi t\u1eeb, qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n&#8221;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-26\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[26]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(4) Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i nh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed\u00a0<em>(samphappalapa veramani).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn l\u1eddi n\u00f3i ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm, n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi, n\u00f3i ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, n\u00f3i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, n\u00f3i Ph\u00e1p, n\u00f3i Lu\u1eadt, n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef. V\u00ec n\u00f3i h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi, n\u00ean l\u1eddi n\u00f3i thu\u1eadn l\u00fd, c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, l\u1ee3i \u00edch.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-27\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[27]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ng\u1ed3i l\u00ea \u0111\u00f4i m\u00e1ch, l\u00e0 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i chia s\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5y l\u00ean nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khuy\u00ean n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n mh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 thu g\u1ecdn l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c can nhac, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a vi tu si n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cho cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen bi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n trong s\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 \u0111i l\u1ea1c v\u00e0o hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00e0m t\u00e2m b\u1ecb xao xuy\u1ebfn, lu\u00f4n mong mu\u1ed1n cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o hay cay \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ecu theo nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Theo l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i l\u00ea \u0111\u00f4i m\u00e1ch, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1nh tham gia nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c , \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh xa s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed3i l\u00ea \u0111\u00f4i m\u00e1ch lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ta qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c- truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed , \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh &#8211; cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed r\u1ed1i b\u1eddi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m tr\u00ed b\u1ecb ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4 khan. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 &#8220;ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9&#8221;, n\u00f3 \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u00e0m t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb c\u00f9n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00f3i tai ch\u00fang ta cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tu t\u1eadp. khao kh\u00e1t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 trong nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi. H\u1ecd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong h\u00e0ng loai c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i l\u00ea \u0111\u00f4i m\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh xa ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p\u00a0<em>(samma kammanta)<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp n\u00e0y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n ki\u00eang gi\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ki\u00eang gi\u1eef n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p&#8221;. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p: Kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0 d\u00e2m. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(1) Kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh\u00a0<em>(panatipata veramani)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn s\u00e1t sanh, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u00e1t sanh, b\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ecf ki\u1ebfm, bi\u1ebft t\u00e0m qu\u00fd, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh, v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-28\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[28]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8220;Kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh&#8221; c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u00fang sinh. M\u1ed9t &#8220;ch\u00fang sinh&#8221; (pani, satta) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c; cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh; m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, ch\u00fang thi\u1ebfu \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sinh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8220;S\u00e1t sinh&#8221; \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd, c\u1ed1 \u00fd ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sinh c\u00f3 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 trong vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh y\u00eau cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 mong c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ebft, c\u1ed1 \u00fd trong m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng. T\u1ef1 t\u1eed c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh. S\u1ef1 ki\u00eang gi\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho hai lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu. Ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1; th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c tra t\u1ea5n ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Trong khi l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft t\u1eeb Th\u00e1i Lan, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o Th\u00e1i uy\u00ean b\u00e1c,Ng\u00e0i so s\u00e1nh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nghi\u00eang c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-29\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[29]<\/a>\u00a0B\u00e0i lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eb9 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c k\u00e9o theo nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Ba ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eb9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t con v\u1eadt, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt. Gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi; do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ea7n cao hon ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u00e2n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 cha m\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o. H\u00e0nh vi gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tham lam, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, si m\u00ea. Trong s\u1ed1 ba nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng th\u00f9 h\u1eadn l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 r\u00e1ng s\u1ee9c c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sinh kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh; l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i tim nh\u00e2n \u00e1i, mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Cam k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp, Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy, trong c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(2) Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng cho\u00a0<em>(adinnadana veramani)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho ; b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt g\u00ec c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i th\u00f4n l\u00e0ng, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i r\u1eebng n\u00fai, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y v\u1edbi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp..<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-30\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[30]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8220;L\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho&#8221; c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0103n c\u1eafp. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn, g\u1ed7, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai cho. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho h\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Trong c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 &#8220;l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho&#8221; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea::<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(1)\u00a0<em>\u0103n tr\u1ed9m:<\/em>\u00a0l\u1ea5y v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 l\u1ea5y tr\u1ed9m, ho\u1eb7c m\u00f3c t\u00fai, v.v&#8230;;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(2)\u00a0<em>c\u01b0\u1edbp:<\/em>\u00a0l\u1ea5y v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng v\u00f5 l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c \u0111e d\u1ecda;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(3)\u00a0<em>gi\u1eadt l\u1ea5y:<\/em>\u00a0b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd gi\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(4)\u00a0<em>gian l\u1eadn:<\/em>\u00a0l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh;;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(5)\u00a0<em>l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i:<\/em>\u00a0c\u00e2n sai ho\u1eb7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ebfm sai \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eeba kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-31\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[31]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eb9 t\u00f9y v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt l\u1ea5y \u0111i; ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp; v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ed9i n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eb9 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3. Th\u1ee9 hai, t\u1ed9i n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eb9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t. Th\u1ee9 ba, h\u00e0nh vi tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m tham lam hay s\u00e2n h\u1eadn. H\u00e0nh vi tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp do t\u00e2m tham l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, t\u00e2m s\u00e2n h\u1eadn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt t\u00e0i v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00ec anh ta tham mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i v\u1eadt n\u00e0y cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia Gi\u1eefa hai, h\u00e0nh vi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng th\u00f9 h\u1eadn l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n h\u00e0nh vi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi tham lam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c \u0103n c\u1eb1p l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 cho quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh li\u00ean quan l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00e3n nguy\u1ec7n, th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 cho m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng, ban b\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h \u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(3) Kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0 d\u00e2m\u00a0<em>(kamesu miccha-cara veramani)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c, v\u1edbi h\u1ea1ng n\u1eef nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u1eb9 che ch\u1edf, c\u00f3 cha che ch\u1edf, c\u00f3 anh che ch\u1edf, c\u00f3 ch\u1ecb che ch\u1edf, c\u00f3 b\u00e0 con che ch\u1edf, c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p che ch\u1edf, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed3ng,<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-32\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[32]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh trong quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e2m linh n\u00f3 gi\u00fap ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ham mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 Kheo v\u00e0 Ni tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh (\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nguoi c\u01b0 s\u0129 gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0 d\u00e2m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi n\u1eb7ng l\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 d\u00ednh l\u00edu t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eb9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p t\u00f9y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng n\u00e0y c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai gi\u1edbi.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-33\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[33]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, ba lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(1) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi anh ta ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef b\u1edfi anh ta ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00ednh h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 g\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 ly d\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(2) M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00f3. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y cho c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n theo ho\u1eb7c cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n b\u00ed m\u1eadt tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(3) M\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n g\u1ea7n theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u1eef tu v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00e1c theo m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(1)\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng . V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh vi ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt n\u1ebfu c\u00f4 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 g\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c ly d\u1ecb th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i h\u00f4n..<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(2) \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu s\u0129 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf giao h\u1ee3p t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t vi ph\u1ea1m. Nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y c\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m ch\u1ec9 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0 d\u00e2m l\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. V\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng n\u00ean trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y v\u1edbi nhau, h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u00f4n th\u00fa. N\u00f3 linh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o quy \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh, tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c qua th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ea5m.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">V\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u0103ng ni xu\u1ea5t gia, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd t\u00e1m hay m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ki\u00eang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u00e0 d\u00e2m, m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 d\u00ednh d\u00edu v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eb1m tinh khi\u1ebft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng\u00a0<em>(samma ajiva)<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c; n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n gian tr\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i; v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-34\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[34]<\/a>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh g\u1ed3m: kinh doanh v\u0169 kh\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ch\u00fang sanh (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gi\u1ebft m\u1ed5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m), bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t, thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say (AN 5: 177). Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng trung th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng: th\u00f3i quen l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i, b\u00f3i to\u00e1n, th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n gian tr\u00e1, v\u00e0 cho vay n\u1eb7ng l\u00e3i (MN 117). D\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng sai l\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u00e1n v\u0169 kh\u00ed hay bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea1c v\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi ba ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-35\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[35]<\/a>\u00a0&#8220;\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p&#8221; c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh si\u00eang n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u1eadn t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian, ghi nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, ho\u1eb7c \u0103n c\u1eafp h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty. &#8220;\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&#8221; c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u00ean ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho h\u1ecd x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0m, khen th\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecd khi h\u1ecd x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 ngh\u1ec9 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh, trong khi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia n\u00ean c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng trong giao d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. &#8220;\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3&#8221; c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch kinh doanh v\u00e0 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trung th\u1ef1c. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng trung th\u1ef1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 120%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Chapter V: Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n\u00a0<em>(Samma Vayama)<\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">S\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfp theo, tu t\u1eadp<em>\u00a0\u0111\u1ecbnh -(samadntichandha)<\/em>. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu t\u1eadp n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c sang s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, bao g\u1ed3m ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau mong mu\u1ed1n, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n. Tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra khi t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp t\u00e2m. Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho t\u00e2m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m. Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong nh\u00f3m t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o (Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, ba c\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i. Trong khi \u0111i d\u1ecdc trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean, ch\u00fang nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hoa v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n h\u00e1i nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu b\u00e9 cao nh\u1ea5t. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 kh\u00e1c khom ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a l\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u1eadu b\u00e9 cao tr\u00e8o l\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ng\u1eaft b\u00f4ng hoa v\u00ec s\u1ee3 t\u00e9 ng\u00e3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u1eadu b\u00e9 th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edd vai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. C\u1eadu b\u00e9 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng c\u1eadu b\u00e9 th\u1ee9 hai, sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vai c\u1eadu b\u00e9 th\u1ee9 ba, v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u00e1i nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-36\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[36]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Trong \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, c\u1eadu b\u00e9 cao l\u1edbn h\u00e1i hoa \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3: n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0a l\u01b0ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edd vai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u00e0y, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c b\u1edfi ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng suy ngh\u0129 r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">S\u1ef1 si\u00eang n\u0103ng (viriya), y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb1ng sau ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n, hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c, l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng si\u00eang n\u0103ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 si\u00eang n\u0103ng trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5. C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n thi\u1ec7n h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c trong con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp (B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 tinh t\u1ea5n trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c trong v\u00f2ng sinh t\u1eed; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00f3at kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng sinh t\u1eed. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tinh t\u1ea5n, s\u1ef1 si\u00eang n\u0103ng, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9. L\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t; ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp trong con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111a\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng. S\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o. Kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0, t\u00e2m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 si m\u00ea; m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 soi s\u00e1ng b\u1edfi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u00e2m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng &#8211; kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay ch\u00fang ta ngo\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta &#8211; nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m: &#8220;T\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-37\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[37]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tinh th\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m trong b\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 tinh c\u1ea7n hay ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Th\u1eadn c\u1ea7n (Sa\u1e43varapadh\u0101na), tinh t\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a sanh kh\u00f4ng cho sanh kh\u1edfi;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Tr\u1eeb c\u1ea7n (Pah\u0101napadh\u0101na), tinh t\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 sanh l\u00e0m cho m\u1ea5t \u0111i;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Tu c\u1ea7n (Bh\u0101van\u0101padh\u0101na), tinh t\u1ea5n tu t\u1eadp l\u00e0m cho ph\u00e1t sanh nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a c\u00f3, ch\u01b0a sanh;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">B\u1ea3o c\u1ea7n (Anurakkhan\u0101padh\u0101na), tinh t\u1ea5n gi\u1eef g\u00ecn nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 sanh.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n\u00a0<em>(akusala dhamma)<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0, \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ch\u00fang, cho d\u00f9 b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay v\u1eabn ki\u1ec1m gi\u1eef b\u00ean trong. C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n (kusala dhamma) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t trong hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 k\u00e9p. M\u1eb7t b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111ang \u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng cho b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t v\u00e0, nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb. M\u1eb7t thi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong s\u1ed1 b\u1ed1n b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e2m qua thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(1) \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e1t sanh<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed khai tri\u1ec3n \u00fd ch\u00ed thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00e1c, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sinh; v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tinh t\u1ea5n, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-38\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[38]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Th\u1eadn c\u1ea7n (Sa\u1e43varapadh\u0101na) nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung, c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i&#8221; (pa\u00f1canivarana): tham d\u1ee5c, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m \u2013 th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed \u2013 h\u1ed1i qu\u00e1 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i nghi.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-39\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[39]<\/a>\u00a0Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i&#8221; b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ch\u1eb7n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t; ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Hai ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, tham d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, l\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung, nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tham v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn. Ba tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><em>Tham d\u1ee5c<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo hai c\u00e1ch. \u0110\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p l\u00e0 ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi &#8220;n\u0103m tr\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m&#8221;, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, thinh, kh\u00ed, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00fac kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i kh\u1ea3 \u00fd; \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, theo \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean bao h\u00e0m s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00fa vui gi\u00e1c quan, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, danh v\u1ecdng hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0,\u00a0<em>s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/em>, \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u00e1c c\u1ea3m. Bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 c\u0103m gh\u00e9t, t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, ph\u1eabn u\u1ea5t, ganh gh\u00e9t, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. Tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0,<em>\u00a0h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m v\u00e0 th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean<\/em>, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau b\u1edfi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n (thina), l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, r\u00e3 r\u01b0\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m; lo\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7 (middha), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, ho\u1eb7c bu\u1ed3n g\u1ee7. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, l\u00e0\u00a0<em>tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed \u2013 h\u1ed1i qu\u00e1<\/em>. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111i chung v\u1edbi nhau b\u1edfi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed (uddhacca) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea5n kh\u00edch, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m \u0111i t\u1eeb suy ngh\u0129 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn suy ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng; h\u1ed1i qu\u00e1(kukkucca) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0,\u00a0<em>s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi<\/em>, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean: kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c dai d\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m linh do nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp (nghi ng\u1edd Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Th\u1eadn c\u1ea7n (Sa\u1e43varapadh\u0101na) l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh; \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf (samvarappadhana). Tinh t\u1ea5n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00ec khi c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, g\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong. Ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u1eb1m im trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ed1 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">N\u00f3i chung, nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan. C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 n\u0103m b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn gi\u00e1c quan, m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang ch\u00fang &#8211; m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn c\u1ea3nh s\u1eafc, tai \u0111\u1ec3 nghe \u00e2m thanh, m\u0169i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eedi m\u00f9i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ebfm, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan, chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00fang nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m, n\u01a1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau, ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang. Khi t\u00e2m ch\u00fa \u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 suy x\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4n ngoan (kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd &#8211; ayoniso manasikara), c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, th\u00f4ng qua t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i k\u00fd \u1ee9c m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. Theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng ham mu\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e1c \u00fd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi si m\u00ea.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">V\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan thu nh\u1eadn s\u1ebd k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n, \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t sinh l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt cho s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n\u00a0<em>(indriya-samvara)<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo, t\u1ef3 kheo v\u1edbi m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc, khi tai nghe \u00e2m thanh, m\u0169i ng\u1eedi h\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u01b0\u1ee1i n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb, th\u00e2n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, \u00fd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef t\u01b0\u1edbng chung, kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef t\u01b0\u1edbng ri\u00eang. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00ec, v\u00ec \u00fd c\u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1, khi\u1ebfn tham \u00e1i \u01b0u bi, c\u00e1c \u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, T\u1ef7-kheo ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y, h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec \u00fd c\u0103n, th\u1eadt h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec \u00fd c\u0103n. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tinh c\u1ea7n ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-40\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[40]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan, vi\u1ec5n ly ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u00e1c quan. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eabn s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft; v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u1eb1m trong t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb &#8220;kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef t\u01b0\u1edbng chung, kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef t\u01b0\u1edbng ri\u00eang.&#8221; &#8220;T\u01b0\u1edbng&#8221; (nimitta) l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng chung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m; c\u00e1c &#8220;\u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m&#8221; (anubyanjana) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00edt th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n, t\u00e2m s\u1ebd di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebfu th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang sinh s\u00f4i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1c quan. \u00dd th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c x\u1ea3y ra theo m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi, m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ri\u00eang. C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong chu\u1ed7i x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng: \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00e2m quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3, sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00f3 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3. Ngay sau khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian s\u1ebd m\u1edf ra trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 suy x\u00e9t sai l\u1ea7m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang: v\u00ec l\u00f2ng tham m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, v\u00ec \u00e1c c\u1ea3m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba \u00fd \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i. Nh\u01b0ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u00e1c quan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u00f3p ch\u1ebft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb trong tr\u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u1ebft l\u00f5m kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eef cho t\u00e2m \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn. N\u00f3 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 cho, ng\u0103n t\u00e2m trang b\u1ecb cho kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng sinh ra t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng tham, s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t v\u00e0 si m\u00ea. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(2) L\u00e0m di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 sanh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c \u00e1c, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 sanh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u00fd mu\u1ed1n, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, tinh t\u1ea5n, s\u00e1ch t\u00e2m, tr\u00ec t\u00e2m;..<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-41\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[41]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c thu th\u00fac gi\u00e1c quan, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang sanh kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00edch l\u0169y trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u1eeb c\u1ea7n (pahanappadhana):<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">T\u1ef7-kheo kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn d\u1ee5c t\u1ea7m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, t\u1ea9y s\u1ea1ch, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu l\u1ea1i; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u00e2n t\u1ea7m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean &#8230; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u1ea1i t\u1ea7m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, t\u1ea9y s\u1ea1ch, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c \u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, t\u1ea9y s\u1ea1ch, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu l\u1ea1i. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1eeb c\u1ea7n .<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-42\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[42]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau cho c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 nhau cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i ri\u00eang. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kinh quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u0103m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-43\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[43]<\/a>\u00a0\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf suy ngh\u0129 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t suy ngh\u0129 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1ed1t m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u0169. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed7i tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb n\u00f3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, khi m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh; ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng cho s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n n\u00ean l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\u00a0<em>tham d\u1ee5c<\/em>, thi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1m v\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\u00a0<em>tham d\u1ee5c<\/em>d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng u\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">2 -Thi\u1ec1n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb\u00a0<em>(metta)<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf\u00a0<em>s\u00e2n h\u1eadn\u00a0<\/em>m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 h\u1eadn th\u00f9 v\u00e0 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef th\u00f4ng qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a mong mu\u1ed1n v\u1ecb tha r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">3 &#8211; Vi\u1ec7c xua tan\u00a0<em>h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m v\u00e0 th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean<\/em>\u00a0s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n t\u1ebb v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t: h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, th\u1ee9c d\u1eady v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian thi\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh , suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">4- S\u1ef1 b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n v\u00e0 lo l\u1eafng\u00a0<em>(tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed \u2013 h\u1ed1i qu\u00e1)<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e2m sang m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng xoa d\u1ecbu n\u00f3; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u01a1i th\u1edf, ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1ed3ng h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00e0o ra.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">5 &#8211; Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p\u00a0<em>ho\u00e0i nghi<\/em>, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m tra: \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u00e1o l\u00fd cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f2n m\u00f9 m\u1edd tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-44\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[44]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 n\u0103m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c n\u00f3, th\u00ec b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chung. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 (t\u00e0m &#8211; hiri) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (qu\u00ed &#8211; ottappa) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n: m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng khinh b\u1ec9 ho\u1eb7c coi nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xua \u0111u\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 ba li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd. Khi m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd, thay v\u00ec say m\u00ea n\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u00f3 \u0111i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c nh\u00ecn \u0111i ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Thay v\u00ec quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, suy ngh\u0129 s\u1ebd l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean tr\u1ed9m: n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ecb che gi\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean thu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p &#8211; m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf suy ngh\u0129 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed theo c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e9m m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u1eef anh ta b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i, khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u0103m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u00e0 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n ngh\u0129 g\u00ec th\u00ec ngh\u0129. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u00fd ngh\u0129 n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ngh\u0129, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng n\u1ea3y sinh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xua tan ch\u00fang ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1ea3o n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecf s\u1ebd b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(3) \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh kh\u1edfi, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u00fd mu\u1ed1n, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, tinh t\u1ea5n, s\u00e1ch t\u1ea5n, tr\u00ec t\u00e2m;\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-45\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[45]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hai s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia: s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a hai s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0<em>\u00a0Tu c\u1ea7n (Bh\u0101van\u0101padh\u0101na)<\/em>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m l\u1ea1i theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau &#8211; thanh th\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, b\u1ed1n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u00e1m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o, v.v. &#8211; \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi &#8211; satta bojjhanga): Ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c chi, Tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1c chi, Tinh t\u1ea5n gi\u00e1c chi, H\u1ef7 gi\u00e1c chi, Khinh an gi\u00e1c chi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1c chi v\u00e0 X\u1ea3 gi\u00e1c chi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, T\u1ef7-kheo tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c chi, y ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec5n ly, y ch\u1ec9 ly tham, y ch\u1ec9 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ea3 ly; tu t\u1eadp tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1c chi &#8230; tu t\u1eadp tinh t\u1ea5n gi\u00e1c chi &#8230; tu t\u1eadp h\u1ef7 gi\u00e1c chi &#8230; tu t\u1eadp khinh an gi\u00e1c chi &#8230; tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1c chi &#8230; tu t\u1eadp x\u1ea3 gi\u00e1c chi, y ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec5n ly, y ch\u1ec9 ly tham, y ch\u1ec9 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ea3 ly.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-46\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[46]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 &#8220;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9&#8221; v\u00ec ch\u00fang d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u01a1 khai c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp, th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i; cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u1ecfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi\u00a0<em>Ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c chi,<\/em>. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong l\u00fac n\u00e0y, gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1ee7 quan. Sau \u0111\u00f3, khi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i v\u00e0o t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u00ec y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1\u00a0<em>Tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1c chi<\/em>\u00a0s\u1ebd b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Trong khi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp thu, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c gi\u00fap th\u0103m d\u00f2, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1\u00a0<em>Tinh t\u1ea5n gi\u00e1c chi<\/em>, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 ba, g\u1eafn k\u1ebft trong ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, gi\u00fap lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u00e0 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Khi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c suy ng\u1eabm ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, tinh t\u1ea5n gi\u00e1c chi thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai, s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u00f9ng xu\u1ed1ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m, tinh t\u1ea5n gi\u00e1c chi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i, n\u01a1i n\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Khi tinh t\u1ea5n gi\u00e1c chi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 s\u1ebd nhanh h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0\u00a0<em>H\u1ef7 gi\u00e1c chi<\/em>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vui th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u1ef7 gi\u00e1c chi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao ng\u1ea5t ng\u00e2y: nh\u1eefng l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1ea1y kh\u1eafp c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, t\u00e2m tr\u00ed b\u1eebng s\u00e1ng v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m vui, s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tin ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y, v\u1eabn \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng: ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00eam, s\u1ef1 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111i\u1ec7u y\u00ean t\u0129nh b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, Khinh an gi\u00e1c chi. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ef7 gi\u00e1c chi v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbu \u0111i, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 c\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">S\u1ef1 y\u00ean t\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0<em>\u00d0\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1c chi<\/em>, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0\u00a0<em>X\u1ea3 gi\u00e1c chi<\/em>, \u0111\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh. Khi qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf, tinh t\u1ea5n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; khi h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng khi c\u1ea3 hai khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m. T\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe khi nh\u1eefng con ng\u1ef1a \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh: anh ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt xung quanh. X\u1ea3 gi\u00e1c chi c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng &#8220;tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0&#8221;. Khi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, t\u00e2m v\u1eabn s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng quan s\u00e1t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">(4) L\u00e0m cho thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f9 m\u1edd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u00fd mu\u1ed1n, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, tinh t\u1ea5n, s\u00e1ch t\u1ea5n, tr\u00ec t\u00e2m;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-47\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[47]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong b\u1ed1n ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;B\u1ea3o c\u1ea7n (Anurakkhan\u0101padh\u0101na), n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 &#8220;gi\u1eef v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh.&#8221;\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-48\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[48]<\/a>\u00a0C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c canh gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 75%; color: #ff0000;\">Chapter VI: Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m\u00a0<em>(Samma Sati)<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-49\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[49]<\/a>\u00a0Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed v\u00e0 xa v\u1eddi, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp n\u00f3 ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c tin, tin v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch v\u1edf hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y, ho\u1eb7c ngh\u0129 ra th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 gi\u00fap t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m trong ti\u1ebfng Pali g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sati, d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 &#8220;ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m.&#8221; Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd ho\u1eb7c t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0ng, lo\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c theo ngh\u0129a bi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t cao \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. T\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u00fd gi\u1eef \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra b\u00ean trong ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 xung quanh ch\u00fang ta trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Trong vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u1edfi m\u1edf, y\u00ean t\u0129nh v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o, suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang x\u1ea3y ra, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ngay khi n\u00f3 \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra, X\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1edbt s\u00f3ng l\u01b0\u1edbt tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con s\u00f3ng tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u00f4i \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n \u0111i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng suy ngh\u0129 sao l\u00e3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. Ch\u00fang ta \u00edt khi t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1ch tu t\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi.Trong s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00e2m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngay khi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ea7n, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi t\u00ednh ti\u1ec7n nghi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i. T\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ngay sau khi n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi ch\u1ea1y theo m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac &#8211; t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c l\u1eabn nhau &#8211; sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111an c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea5n \u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1edd m\u1edd qua c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng (papa\u00f1ca), &#8220;s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra&#8221;, &#8220;s\u1ef1 th\u00eam th\u1eaft,&#8221;, hay &#8220;thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m.&#8221; Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u00ednh t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng &#8220;\u1edf s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t&#8221;, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u00eam th\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c; ch\u00fang c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. T\u00e2m b\u1ecb si m\u00ea, b\u1ecb che \u0111\u1eady trong v\u00f4 minh, \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00fang v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eafp v\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y g\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u00f3 l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c: nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam th\u1eaft do tr\u00ed t\u1ea1o ra. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m, ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, n\u01a1i ch\u00fang g\u00e2y ra th\u00eam s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb che l\u1ea5p b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u00eam th\u1eaft. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m mang l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1t l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng l\u1edbp s\u01a1n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00eam th\u1eaft. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 : kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ao. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng &#8220;h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng&#8221; n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c can thi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1ch t\u00e2m tr\u00ed thao t\u00fang kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m s\u1ebd g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng n\u00fat th\u1eaft v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i ren c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng &#8220;vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m&#8221; n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1eadn, theo d\u00f5i t\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c kinh qua khi n\u00f3 sinh ra, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t. Trong s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 cho s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 y\u00ean \u1ed5n v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong t\u00ednh t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. N\u00f3 k\u1ec1m gi\u1eef t\u00e2m trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an t\u00f2an, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bu\u00f4ng tr\u00f4i theo qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c, h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 b\u00ed ng\u00f4, t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1. .<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-50\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[50]<\/a>\u00a0M\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 b\u00ed ng\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ao s\u1ebd s\u1edbm tr\u00f4i \u0111i v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4i \u0111i; n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c ch\u00ecm v\u00e0o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u00e1y. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, t\u00e2m \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i lang thang v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0\u1edbt qua b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0m cho d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung s\u00e2u s\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu di\u1ec5n ra, cho d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng b\u00ean trong, \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5,\u00a0<em>thi\u1ec1n<\/em>, hay li\u1ec7u thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh th\u1ea3n, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 gi\u1eef t\u00e2m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi xa \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 v\u00f4 h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u00e2m , t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp ng\u1ee5y trang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu t\u1eadp n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t, ghi nh\u1eadn, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau d\u1ed3i qua vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp &#8220;T\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9&#8221; (cattaro satipatthana), ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch quan: Ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n, ni\u1ec7m th\u1ecd, ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m, ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p .\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-51\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[51]<\/a>\u00a0Nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m? N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ecb T\u1ef7 kheo s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1n th\u00e2n tr\u00ean th\u00e2n, tinh t\u1ea5n, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 tham \u01b0u \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi; tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd&#8230; tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e2m&#8230; qu\u00e1n ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, tinh c\u1ea7n t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 tham \u01b0u \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-52\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[52]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 l\u00e0 &#8220;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t&#8221; d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 \u01b0u bi , ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00e0 s\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-53\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[53]<\/a>\u00a0Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&#8221; con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t &#8220;(ekayano maggo), kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. trong vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Trong b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, qu\u00e1n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu; ba \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9) v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n. Vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m (th\u00e2n, th\u1ecd, t\u00e2m, ph\u00e1p). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp , nh\u01b0ng th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu; nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3, khi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p tu n\u00e0y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 140%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">(1) Th\u00e2n Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9\u00a0<em>(kayanupassana)<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c th\u00e2n qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf (anapanasati). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf khi tu t\u1eadp, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u01a1i th\u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 &#8220;c\u0103n b\u1ea3n thi\u1ec1n&#8221; (mulakammatthana), n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m n\u1ebfu coi thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n h\u01a1i th\u1edf ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp d\u00e0nh cho thi\u1ec1n s\u00ecnh m\u1edbi tu. T\u1ef1 n\u00f3, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u00eam th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng tu t\u1eadp trong su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, ca ng\u1ee3i n\u00f3 l\u00e0 &#8220;an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, an tr\u00fa h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng sai l\u1ea7m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea5u xa ngay khi ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t sinh&#8221; ( MN 118).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u01a1i th\u1edf l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 thao t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u01a1i th\u1edf. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1i th\u1edf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan s\u00e1t. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tinh vi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 h\u01a1i th\u1edf. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean qua l\u1ed7 m\u0169i, gi\u1eef h\u01a1i th\u1edf trong t\u00e2m \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac xung quanh l\u1ed7 m\u0169i ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4i tr\u00ean, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u01a1i th\u1edf khi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ra. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01a1i th\u1edf ho\u1eb7c \u00e9p n\u00f3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00e0o v\u00e0 h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 lang thang v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a trong m\u00ea cung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho ch\u00fang ta \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1i th\u1edf, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ni\u1ec7m th\u1edf qua b\u1ed1n b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Hai c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1) \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ghi nh\u1eadn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khi \u0111ang th\u1edf v\u00e0o d\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c th\u1edf ra d\u00e0i, v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khi th\u1edf v\u00e0o ng\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c th\u1edf ra ng\u1eafn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t h\u01a1i th\u1edf di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ra, quan s\u00e1t n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, ch\u00fa \u00fd xem h\u01a1i th\u1edf d\u00e0i hay ng\u1eafn. Khi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo s\u00e1t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1edf v\u00e0o qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trung gian cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1edf ra qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trung gian cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac. B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 (h\u01a1i th\u1edf) th\u00e2n.&#8221; B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, &#8220;l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3&#8221;, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u01a1i th\u1edf d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf. Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e2ng cao h\u01a1n h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u01a1i th\u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung s\u00e2u v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-54\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[54]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tu t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n, gi\u00fap m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ecfi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh duy nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c oai nghi. Th\u00e2n c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n t\u01b0 th\u1ebf oai nghi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n &#8211; \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m &#8211; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c t\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb t\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y sang t\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1eadp trung to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o th\u00e2n \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh: khi \u0111i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111i, khi \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ee9ng, khi ng\u1ed3i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c ng\u1ed3i, khi n\u1eb1m xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c n\u1eb1m xu\u1ed1ng, khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n c\u00e1c t\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00f4i hay thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00f4i, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">B\u00e0i t\u1eadp ti\u1ebfp theo gi\u00fap m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa. B\u00e0i t\u1eadp n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c&#8221; (satisampaja\u00f1\u00f1a), th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. Khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u00ecn tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn sang b\u00ean, c\u00fai v\u00e0 du\u1ed7i, m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, \u0103n, u\u1ed1ng, \u0111i ti\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec7n, ng\u1ee7, th\u1ee9c d\u1eady, n\u00f3i, gi\u1eef im l\u1eb7ng &#8211; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Trong c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9: (1) hi\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p hay kh\u00f4ng; (2) hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi; (3) hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea1m vi thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, gi\u1eef t\u00e2m tr\u00ed li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111ang h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng; v\u00e0 (4) hi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 coi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh phi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-55\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[55]<\/a>\u00a0Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u01a1n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Hai ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eb1m ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong ph\u1ea7n ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n; , ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e2n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-56\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[56]<\/a>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 m\u00ea \u0111\u1eafm c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng ham mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ham mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i, do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5. Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu ham mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf ham mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n l\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m quan. Ham mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c t\u0103ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 n\u1ea3y n\u1edf b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta xem c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn; n\u00f3 suy gi\u1ea3m khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00e0y b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft theo nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn. \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m tra c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ean trong s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u0103m d\u00f2 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u00fang v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ham mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a tri gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea5y c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh dung nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n s\u1ebd chia c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m tra t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t, \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Trong kinh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c: l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, m\u00f3ng tay, r\u0103ng, da, th\u1ecbt, g\u00e2n, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ee7y, th\u1eadn, tim, gan, c\u01a1 ho\u00e0nh, l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch, ph\u1ed5i, ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0, ru\u1ed9t non, d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y. , ph\u00e2n, n\u00e3o, m\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eddm, m\u1ee7, m\u00e1u, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, m\u1ee1, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1, n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e3i, n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u. S\u1ef1 nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u00e2n: c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn c\u1eadn c\u1ea3nh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u sai. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm m\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm v\u00e0o n\u00f3, d\u1eadp t\u1eaft ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf d\u1ee5c.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-57\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[57]<\/a>. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">S\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n &#8220;S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3;&#8221; (dhatuvavatthana), m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u00e0i th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i (\u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3). Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp n\u1ea7y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u00f4i, b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c . Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, l\u00e0 t\u00e2m ph\u00e2n chia c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda v\u00e0 gi\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t: t\u00ednh r\u1eafn , t\u00ednh l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng, nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn r\u1eafn c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 &#8211; c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan, m\u00f4 v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng; ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3; y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3; ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 &#8220;t\u00f4i&#8221; hay &#8220;b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i&#8221; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn sau khi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. Sau khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o n\u00f3. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tinh th\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-58\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[58]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">B\u00e0i tu t\u1eadp cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c b\u00e0i &#8220;qu\u00e1n t\u1eed thi t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a trang&#8221;, nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 sau khi ch\u1ebft, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft. B\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng quy tr\u00ecnh cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, xem x\u00e9t: &#8220;C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu chung s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ch\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tan r\u00e3 m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft, b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y \u201d. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ea \u0111\u1eafm c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 n\u00edu gi\u1eef c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh v\u0129nh c\u1eedu. Khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: &#8220;C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 130%;\">2) Th\u1ecd Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9\u00a0<em>(vedananupassana)<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 Th\u1ecd qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 (th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac &#8211; vedana), c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb &#8220;c\u1ea3m x\u00fac&#8221; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac (m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p chung trong n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m), m\u00e0 theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c &#8220;ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c&#8221; c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ba lo\u1ea1i, mang l\u1ea1i ba lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ch\u00ednh: c\u1ea3m x\u00fac d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c, v\u00ec m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 m\u00e0u b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t giai \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong m\u1ecdi kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m; n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c y\u1ebfu, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ph\u1ea3i \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u1ea3m x\u00fac ph\u00e1t sinh trong s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac&#8221; (phassa). Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 &#8220;\u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng nhau&#8221; c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1c quan; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c &#8220;ch\u1ea1m&#8221; v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng qua c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi s\u00e1u gi\u00e1c quan &#8211; ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi tai, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u0169i, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee1i, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u00e2m tr\u00ed &#8211; v\u00e0 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang b\u1eadt ra.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang ta r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00e0o n\u00f3. Khi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn x\u1ea3y ra, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng, gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u00e1c c\u1ea3m. V\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 ru ng\u1ee7 ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac an to\u00e0n sai l\u1ea7m &#8211; tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3: tham lam b\u1edfi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t b\u1edfi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, si m\u00ea b\u1edfi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. H\u00e0i l\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham lam, \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac khoan kho\u00e1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn si m\u00ea. S\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o g\u1ee1, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m. C\u1ea3m x\u00fac s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u00f4 u\u1ebf khi n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd, khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c say m\u00ea h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan s\u00e1t, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, thay v\u00ec li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac theo th\u00f3i quen th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, xua \u0111u\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c th\u1edd \u01a1, ch\u00fang ta li\u00ean h\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp th\u1ecd qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u1ea3y sinh, ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang: d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, khoan kho\u00e1i. C\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 &#8220;t\u00f4i&#8221; hay &#8220;c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i&#8221; ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra &#8220;v\u1edbi t\u00f4i.&#8221; Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fa \u00fd tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i: h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 quan s\u00e1t t\u1eebng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ph\u00e1t sinh, coi n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i r\u00fat ng\u1eafn m\u1ecdi tham chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ee7 quan, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, giai \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng, \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Nh\u01b0ng khi tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ghi nh\u1eadn t\u1eebng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 qua \u0111i v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp theo, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac sang qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t, n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng khi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac l\u00f3e l\u00ean trong t\u1eebng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc, tan bi\u1ebfn ngay khi ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, khi n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n ba g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (Tham, S\u00e2n, Si). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tham \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tho\u00e1ng qua v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa hay c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 130%; color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">(3) T\u00e2m qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9\u00a0<em>(cittanupassana)<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">V\u1edbi n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, m\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1eefu \u00edch l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m thay \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea3i qua tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 c\u0169, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. T\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi, m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh vi ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nhau c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\"><em>T\u00e2m<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 tri gi\u00e1c hay s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3nh, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra &#8220;m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m.&#8221; M\u1ed7i t\u00e2m bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0<em>t\u00e2m<\/em>, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00e2m, n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 sanh kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed7i t\u00e2m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0<em>t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasikas)<\/em>, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m. Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, v.v.; n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tinh th\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">V\u00ec l\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng, \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 qua c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasikas). T\u00e2m s\u1edf nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u cho t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t; do \u0111\u00f3 khi ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m s\u1edf. Trong s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y 16 lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u00fa ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0: T\u00e2m c\u00f3 tham v\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham, t\u00e2m c\u00f3 s\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e2n, t\u00e2m c\u00f3 si v\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 si, t\u00e2m u\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, t\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi), t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi), t\u00e2m h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n (t\u1ee9c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n), t\u00e2m v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3, l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u00e1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd xem t\u00e2m c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0o hay tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u00fang. Khi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 &#8220;t\u00f4i&#8221; hay &#8220;c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i&#8221;, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00f4i. Cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh hay tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00f4 u\u1ebf, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cao c\u1ea3 hay th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 ph\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5n hay t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111i qua m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u mong mu\u1ed1n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Khi s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n, t\u00e2m \u00edt suy ngh\u0129 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean thanh t\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a suy ngh\u0129, tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, t\u00e2m v\u1eabn ch\u00fa \u00fd quan s\u00e1t, theo d\u00f5i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t ki\u00ean tr\u00ec \u0111\u1eb1ng sau qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00e2m &#8211; t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u00f3 v\u1ebb v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh &#8211; tan bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i t\u1eebng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 .<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 120%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">(4) Ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9\u00a0<em>(dhammanupassana)<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng\u00a0<em>Ph\u00e1p<\/em>\u00a0(\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u) c\u00f3 hai ngh\u0129a li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong b\u00e0i kinh cho th\u1ea5y. M\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0\u00a0<em>c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/em>\u00a0c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ngo\u00e0i vai tr\u00f2 t\u00f4 m\u00e0u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m , nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea7n qu\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00dd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ea3 hai kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, ch\u00fang ta coi<em>\u00a0Ph\u00e1p<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 &#8220;nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m&#8221;,v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef n\u00e0o thay th\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1\u00a0<em>s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3<\/em>\u00a0ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1edbng. Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1\u00a0<em>anatta\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i,\u00a0<em>suddha-dhamma<\/em>\u00a0x\u1ea3y ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ph\u1ea7n kinh v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5, m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau: n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, s\u00e1u c\u0103n b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi, v\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi l\u00e0 dhamma theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 dhamma theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i.(Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ki\u1ebft s\u1eed ph\u00e1t sinh qua c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan; ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n.) Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1edbi hai nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 dhamma theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V); b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t ch\u00fang trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c &#8211; n\u0103m u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 s\u00e1u c\u0103n &#8211; trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 N\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi l\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ch\u00ednh cho s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i &#8211; D\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c c\u00e1i (K\u0101m\u0101chandan\u012bvara\u1e47a), s\u1ef1 tham mu\u1ed1n d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, S\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9c c\u00e1i (By\u0101p\u0101dan\u012bvara\u1e47a), s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn th\u00f9 o\u00e1n, H\u00f4n th\u1ee5y c\u00e1i (Th\u012bnamiddhan\u012bvara\u1e47a), s\u1ef1 d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7, u\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, Tr\u1ea1o h\u1ed1i c\u00e1i (Uddhaccakukkuccan\u012bvara\u1e47a), s\u1ef1 ray r\u1ee9t ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, xao \u0111\u1ed9ng lo l\u1eafng, Ho\u00e0i nghi c\u00e1i (Vicikicch\u0101n\u012bvara\u1e47a), s\u1ef1 ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c, do d\u1ef1, hoang mang. &#8211; nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp, ngay sau khi nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng vi t\u1ebf t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; sau \u0111\u00f3, khi n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, c\u1ea7n ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t trong t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u: ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sinh, c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t sinh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-59\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[59]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi: 1 Ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c chi (Satisambojjha\u1e45ga),2 Tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1c chi (Dhammavicayasamboj-jha\u1e45ga), 3 C\u1ea7n gi\u00e1c chi (Vicayasambojjha\u1e45ga),4 H\u1ef7 gi\u00e1c chi (P\u012btisambojjha\u1e45ga),5 T\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1c chi (Passaddhisambojjha\u1e45ga)6 \u0110\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1c chi (Sam\u0101dhisambojjha\u1e45ga),7 X\u1ea3 gi\u00e1c chi (Upekkh\u0101sambojjha\u1e45ga). Khi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t sinh, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00f3, sau khi ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea9m tra \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-60\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[60]<\/a>\u00a0Khi ch\u00fang m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tu luy\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">1 &#8211; Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m. Khi n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, n\u00f3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1c chi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">2 &#8211; Tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1c chi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1c chi,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">3 &#8211; c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1c chi ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ef7 gi\u00e1c chi,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">4 &#8211; h\u1ef7 gi\u00e1c chi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1c chi,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">5 &#8211; t\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1c chi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1c chi,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">6 &#8211; \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1c chi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ea3 gi\u00e1c chi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">7 &#8211; x\u1ea3 gi\u00e1c chi. V\u00ec v\u1eady, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tu t\u1eadp d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 120%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; color: #ff0000;\">Chapter VII: Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ecbnh\u00a0<em>(Samma Samadhi)<\/em>\u00a0<a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_7.html#top\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh, trong ti\u1ebfng Pali l\u00e0\u00a0<em>samma Samadhi<\/em>, samma ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, samadhi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng cao l\u00ean trong m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m (citt&#8217;ekaggata), c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi t\u00e2m hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u1eabn t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o, t\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 &#8211; m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh, m\u1ed9t \u00e2m thanh, m\u1ed9t m\u00f9i, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t x\u00fac gi\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh th\u1ea7n. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trong khi n\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t , n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecbnh (samadhi) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e0nh \u0103n \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng b\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t th\u1ee7 s\u1eafp h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng &#8211; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u1eadp trung, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 samadhi. Samadhi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n: n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ecdi d\u1ea1ng t\u1eadp trung l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao t\u00e2m l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n, thanh l\u1ecdc h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecbnh (samadhi) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Samadhi, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong. Hai \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m t\u1eadp trung l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 y\u00ean t\u0129nh do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00e2m, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung. T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp trong s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i qu\u1eaby m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1 khi b\u1ecb l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 n\u00e9m l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 lao \u0111i t\u1eeb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y sang \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb suy ngh\u0129 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn suy ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u00ean trong. T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e2m si m\u00ea. B\u1ecb cho\u00e1ng ng\u1ee3p b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng lo l\u1eafng v\u00e0 b\u1eadn t\u00e2m, l\u00e0 con m\u1ed3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, n\u00f3 nh\u00ecn m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n, b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp t\u1eadp trung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 thanh th\u1ea3n khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb rung chuy\u1ec3n b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 n\u00e0o, t\u00e2m t\u1eadp trung l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu trung th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%; color: #ff0000;\">S\u1ef1 Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n Thi\u1ec1n<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t trong hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p &#8211; m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung s\u00e2u \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u, hai l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh l\u1eb7ng l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n Ch\u1ec9 ( samatha-bhavana), ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp d\u00f9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 quan s\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng, d\u1ee9t tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n Qu\u00e1n (vipassana-bhavana). C\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh l\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y th\u00edch h\u1ee3p (t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y ri\u00eang), v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t khi nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp Thi\u1ec1n Ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1n x\u1ee9 hay l\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u00e1n, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-61\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[61]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9, v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ednh kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd sau m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n Ch\u1ec9 T\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 40 \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;nghi\u1ec7p x\u1ee9 hay l\u00e0 \u00e1n x\u1ee9&#8221; (kammatthana) v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u1eadp. B\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i nghi\u1ec7p x\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">10 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c, d\u00f9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ni\u1ec7m kasinas<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">10 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c T\u1eed thi (dasa asubha)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">10 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c T\u00f9y Ni\u1ec7m (dasa anussatiyo)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">4 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ph\u00e1p b\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ea1i nh\u01a1n (cattaro brahmavihara)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">4 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c V\u00f4 s\u1eafc (cattaro aruppa)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">1 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (eka sa\u00f1\u00f1a)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">1 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c T\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e9t (eka vavatthana).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u00e1c kasina l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u trong thi\u1ec1n nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m. B\u1ed1n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh &#8211; kasinas \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed; b\u1ed1n m\u00e0u ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 &#8211; kasinas xanh, v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 tr\u1eafng; hai c\u00e1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 kasinas kh\u00f4ng gian. M\u1ed7i kasina l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t m\u00e0 n\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb. V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t kasina \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a tr\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung kasina tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1i \u0111\u0129a tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t, ch\u0103m ch\u00fa nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 &#8220;\u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea5t.&#8221; C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c kasinas kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u01b0\u1eddi &#8220;\u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c T\u1eed thi (dasa asubha)&#8221; l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft \u0111ang trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n x\u00e1c th\u1ed1i r\u1eefa trong ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a, khu ngh\u0129a trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho c\u1ea3 hai. Nh\u01b0ng hai thi\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n. Trong b\u00e0i tu t\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng suy ni\u1ec7m, c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft \u0111ang ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Trong b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng suy ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e0ng \u00edt suy ngh\u0129 c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c T\u00f9y Ni\u1ec7m t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p linh tinh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ba \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tam B\u1ea3o 1. T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt (Buddh\u0101nussati), 2. T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m Ph\u00e1p (Dhammanussati), 3. T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m T\u0103ng (Sangh\u00e0nussati) ; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 s\u1edf ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong Kinh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ba t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 4. T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m Gi\u1edbi (S\u012blanussati), 5. T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m Th\u00ed (C\u0101g\u0101nussati), 6. T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m Thi\u00ean (Devat\u0101nussati) c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a: nh\u1eefng suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"7\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft (Maran\u0101nassati),<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m hay 32 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t (K\u0101yagatasati),<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf (\u0100n\u0101p\u0101nasati)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 10. T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an hay Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n (Upasamanussati)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n hay &#8220;ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa&#8221; l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp h\u01b0\u1edbng ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i &#8211; 1 &#8211; Mett\u0101 &#8211; R\u1ea3i t\u00e2m T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh; 2 &#8211; Karun\u0101 &#8211; R\u1ea3i t\u00e2m Bi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh; 3 &#8211; Mudit\u0101 &#8211; R\u1ea3i t\u00e2m H\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh; 4 &#8211; Upekkh\u0101 &#8211; R\u1ea3i t\u00e2m X\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh. &#8211; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trong ph\u1ea1m vi cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi bao tr\u00f9m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c V\u00f4 s\u1eafc l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">1 &#8211; \u0100k\u0101s\u0101na\u00f1c\u0101yatana &#8211; L\u1ea5y &#8220;H\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n&#8221; , Kh\u00f4ng V\u00f4 Bi\u00ean X\u1ee9 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi;,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">2 &#8211; Vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101na\u00f1c\u0101yatana &#8211; L\u1ea5y &#8220;Th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n m\u00e9&#8221; Th\u1ee9c V\u00f4 Bi\u00ean X\u1ee9 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi;,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">3 &#8211; Aki\u00f1ca\u00f1\u00f1\u0101yatana &#8211; L\u1ea5y &#8220;C\u00e1i g\u00ec d\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf nhen c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3&#8221; V\u00f4 S\u1edf H\u1eefu X\u1ee9 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi; ,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">4 &#8211; Nevasannn\u0101sann\u0101yatana &#8211; L\u1ea5y &#8220;Phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng&#8221; Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng, Phi Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng. l\u00e0m c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1ch quan cho nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh: c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng V\u00f4 Bi\u00ean X\u1ee9, c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee9c V\u00f4 Bi\u00ean X\u1ee9, c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 S\u1edf H\u1eefu X\u1ee9 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng&#8221; Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng, Phi Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung cao.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8220;M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t&#8221; l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng &#8220;Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 m\u00f3n \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1edbm&#8221; \u0111\u1ec3 ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec7ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">&#8220;M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n T\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e9t&#8221; l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu suy x\u00e9t t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u1ed9t khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn m\u00f4n n\u00e0o. S\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ph\u00e2n chia b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham \u00e1i, thi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh s\u00e2n, thi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e1n th\u00e1n Tam b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o, v.v &#8230; Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129. M\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n do b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t; do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edch l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy ngh\u0129 ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng. Thi\u1ec1n ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1dh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u00ec hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa t\u00e2m do nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2u n\u0103m \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung s\u00e2u. M\u1ed9t khi t\u00e2m l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1t sinh: thi\u1ec1n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u00e1c \u00fd, thi\u1ec1n ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, thi\u1ec1n ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng s\u00f9ng m\u1ed9, thi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1eddi gian l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed n\u1eefa m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tu t\u1eadp k\u1ebbo kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n n\u00e0o sai, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u0103n t\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u00e1c T\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bao qu\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111i theo to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec1n t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n thi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 lui v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i y\u00ean t\u0129nh. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ng\u1ed3i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 th\u1ebf thi\u1ec1n &#8211; ng\u1ed3i ki\u1ebft gi\u00e0, hai ch\u00e2n b\u1eaft ch\u00e9o tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0ng th\u1eb3ng, hai tay \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f9i, \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eef \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 m\u1eaft nh\u1eafm l\u1ea1i (tr\u1eeb khi d\u00f9ng kasina ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. th\u00ec nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng), h\u01a1i th\u1edf t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n qua l\u1ed7 m\u0169i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1eef t\u00e2m \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o. N\u1ebfu t\u00e2m \u0111i l\u1ea1c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0m \u0111i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh (parikkamma-samadhi) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi(parikkamma-nimitta).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">M\u1ed9t khi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n kh\u00edch ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o thi\u1ec1n, n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sinh, nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u1eeb s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m. \u0110\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng suy ngh\u0129, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u00e1m \u1ea3nh: ham mu\u1ed1n d\u00e2ng tr\u00e0o, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 ph\u1eabn u\u1ea5t, t\u00e2m n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng, nghi ng\u1edd. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n gh\u00ea g\u1edbm, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean tr\u00ec. \u0110\u00f4i khi, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n thi\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u00fac kh\u00e1c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng g\u1eadp gh\u1ec1nh d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf \u0111i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u00edch cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd thu n\u1ea1p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd chi ph\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 &#8220;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ec1n&#8221;, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u (jhananga). \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, n\u0103m chi ph\u00e1p l\u00e0: chi ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m (vitakka), chi ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 (vicara), chi ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 hoan h\u1ef7 (h\u1ec9 &#8211; piti), chi ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac (l\u1ea1c &#8211; sukha), v\u00e0 chi ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh (ekaggata).<em> T\u1ea7m<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh; \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 quy t\u1ee5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m, n\u00e2ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e1i v\u00e0o v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i g\u1ed7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi,<em>\u00a0T\u1ee9 (Vic\u0101ra)<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t, d\u00e1n \u00e1p t\u00e2m l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1eef n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y,<em>\u00a0t\u1ea7m<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a chu\u00f4ng,<em>\u00a0t\u1ee9<\/em>\u00a0\u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00e2m vang c\u1ee7a chu\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 say m\u00ea, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba,\u00a0<em>H\u1ef7 (P\u012bti)<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i no vui v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hoan h\u1ef7, trong khi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0,<em>\u00a0L\u1ea1c (Sukha)<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i sung s\u01b0\u1edbng do h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3nh, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nhau n\u00ean ch\u00fang c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m vui (h\u1ef7) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i sa m\u1ea1c m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o \u1edf ph\u00eda xa, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m vui (l\u1ea1c)c\u1ee7a anh ta khi u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb ao v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i trong b\u00f3ng r\u00e2m. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u l\u00e0<em>\u00a0\u0111\u1ecbnh (Ekaggat\u0101)\u00a0<\/em>c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m, l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-62\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[62]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Khi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">T\u1ea7m, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh; \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 quy t\u1ee5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m (Th\u012bna) v\u00e0 th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean (Middha) l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7, d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">T\u1ee9 (Vic\u0101ra): l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t, d\u00e1n \u00e1p t\u00e2m l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u00e2m n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0i nghi (Vicikicch\u0101) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">H\u1ef7 (P\u012bti): c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i no vui v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hoan h\u1ef7, sung s\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">L\u1ea1c (Sukha): l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i sung s\u01b0\u1edbng do h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3nh. T\u00e2m n\u00e0y tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt (Uddhacca) m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n, lao chao.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u00d0\u1ecbnh (Ekaggat\u0101): C\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m, l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u00e2m n\u00e0y \u00e1p \u0111\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ee5c (K\u0101macchanda) m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00e1i nhi\u1ec3m, v\u1ecdng m\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u, c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb &#8211; s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, n\u1eb1m trong y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp- nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng, n\u01a1i ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi khi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ec1n b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m, th\u00ec v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 b\u1ed9, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kasina, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c x\u00fac gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u01a1i th\u1edf, v.v &#8230; Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eadp trung, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u sinh ra m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;\u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh dung&#8221; (tr\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edbng &#8211; uggaha-nimitta). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kasina, \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u01a1i th\u1edf, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed di chuy\u1ec3n xung quanh l\u1ed7 m\u0169i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Khi &#8220;\u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh dung&#8221; (tr\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edbng) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf tr\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ra kh\u1ecfi tr\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edbng. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0<em>\u00a0\u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m &#8220;t\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u1edbng&#8221; (patibhaga-nimitta),<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 trong \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u00e1t sanh do tri gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh l\u1ecdc trong s\u1ea1ch, s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u00e2y che, c\u00f2n trong \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh dung, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u00f9 m\u1edd nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng nh\u00ecn xuy\u00ean qua l\u1edbp m\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (patibhaga-nimitta) n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0<em>\u00a0upacara-samadhi, &#8220;\u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m&#8221;<\/em>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, trong s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, t\u00e2m tr\u00ed \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o\u00a0<em>&#8220;c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a upacara) c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u00f2a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tu t\u1eadp, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung s\u1ebd t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh\u00a0<em>(appana-samadhi &#8211; \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n)<\/em>. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea5y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1edfi \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 chung cho c\u1ea3 hai. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ec1n. Trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang thi\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u00e2m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi t\u1eadp \u0111i: n\u00f3 \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady, \u0111i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i: ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111i th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng do d\u1ef1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh t\u00e1m c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9, m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n Thi\u1ec1n S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi(jhanas), m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo l\u00e0 &#8220;s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh&#8221;.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-63\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[63]<\/a>\u00a0B\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, b\u1ed1n Thi\u1ec1n V\u00f4 S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi ( aruppa). T\u00e1m c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n, th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 li\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">B\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbijhanas trong kinh \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh? N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y T\u1ef7 kheo ly d\u1ee5c, ly \u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c do ly d\u1ee5c sanh, v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m, v\u1edbi t\u1ee9. T\u1ef7 kheo \u1ea5y di\u1ec7t t\u1ea7m, di\u1ec7t t\u1ee9, ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 hai,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c do \u0111\u1ecbnh sanh, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea7m, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9, n\u1ed9i t\u1ec9nh nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m. T\u1ef7 kheo \u1ea5y ly h\u1ef7 tr\u00fa x\u1ea3, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, th\u00e2n c\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m l\u1ea1c tr\u00fa, ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 ba.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">T\u1ef7 kheo \u1ea5y x\u1ea3 l\u1ea1c, x\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5, di\u1ec7t h\u1ef7 \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c, x\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m thanh t\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-64\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[64]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi &#8211; jhanas \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. S\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u ban \u0111\u1ea7u: t\u1ea7m,t\u1ee9, h\u1ef7, l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Sau khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean n\u00ean gi\u1eef n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 b\u1ecf b\u00ea vi\u1ec7c tinh t\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfp theo. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean tu t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u1edf trong n\u00f3, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u00f3 v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i hay kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Sau khi thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 sau \u0111\u00f3 xem x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 thi\u1ec1n jhana ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, an l\u1ea1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n,\u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1t sanh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m thi\u1ec1n (Jh\u00e0na) v\u00e0 n\u0103m ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1 th\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng tinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9. Khi t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i \u0111i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 hai. Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y n\u00e0y \u0111i t\u1edbi ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: h\u1ef7, l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Trong t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 hai, t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n, v\u00ec n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ef7, s\u1ef1 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ea5n kh\u00edch c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u00edch th\u00edch. V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u1ef7. Khi h\u1ef7 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 ba. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u, l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 kh\u00e1c \u0111i v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1eabn nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u00f4 so v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c x\u1ea3, Chi thi\u1ec1n x\u1ea3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u0103m tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng chi thi\u1ec1n l\u1ea1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u00f4, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb lu\u00f4n chi thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ba chi thi\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trau gi\u1ed3i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chi thi\u1ec1n x\u1ea3, \u0111\u1eafc T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n, t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi (jhanas) th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n V\u00f4 S\u1eafc, c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u trong t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n V\u00f4 S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tinh luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu t\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh vi h\u01a1n. B\u1ed1n Thi\u1ec1n V\u00f4 S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng: Kh\u00f4ng V\u00f4 Bi\u00ean X\u1ee9,, Th\u1ee9c V\u00f4 Bi\u00ean X\u1ee9. , V\u00f4 S\u1edf H\u1eefu X\u1ee9 v\u00e0 Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng, Phi Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_8.html#fn-65\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">[65]<\/a>\u00a0Nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung tinh vi v\u00e0 xa \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. T\u1ea7ng thi\u1ec1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong b\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng, d\u00f9 cao si\u00eau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u1eabn thi\u1ebfu tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecbnh&#8221; (khanika-samadhi). \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ecfi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m, ghi nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n; nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 duy tr\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 g\u00ec. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n t\u1eebng l\u00fac cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n sanh di\u1ec7t thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m v\u1eabn \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung linh ho\u1ea1t, linh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7; khi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eb7ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh tu\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">C\u1eadp nh\u1eadp ng\u00e0y:\u00a0Th\u1ee9 Ba 04-10-2016<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">Webmasters: Minh H\u1ea1nh &amp; Thi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p, Th\u1ee7y T\u00fa &amp; Ph\u1ea1m C\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 200%;\">http:\/\/www.chiakhoahocphat.com\/chiakhoa\/dichthuat\/NobleEightfoldPath_BatChanhDao_1.html<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>English: Bhikkhu Bodhi, Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch: Minh H\u1ea1nh &amp; Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u00f2a B\u00c1T CH\u00c1NH \u0110\u1ea0O &#8211; CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG DI\u1ec6T KH\u1ed4 Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m g\u1ecdn trong hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc: T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh [&hellip;]\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":12184,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,597,187,598,599],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12179"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12179"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12179\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12186,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12179\/revisions\/12186"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12184"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12179"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12179"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12179"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}