{"id":6776,"date":"2020-10-14T04:32:59","date_gmt":"2020-10-13T21:32:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/?p=6776"},"modified":"2020-10-14T04:41:11","modified_gmt":"2020-10-13T21:41:11","slug":"chanh-tu-duy-samma-samkappa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/chanh-tu-duy-samma-samkappa\/","title":{"rendered":"Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy (Samm\u00e0- Samkappa)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Th\u00edch Ph\u00e1p Th\u00f4ng<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, chi th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o l\u1ed9, l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. Hai chi n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m Tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o. Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0. T\u01b0 duy r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb T\u01b0 duy m\u00e0 ra, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c ch\u00ednh T\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1u thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c t\u1eeb l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy hay c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta suy ngh\u0129. V\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch T\u01b0 duy ngay th\u1eb3ng thay v\u00ec cong qu\u1eb9o (t\u00e0 v\u1ea1y) th\u1ef1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng. Hai b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u trong kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa, d\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 duy.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, \u00fd t\u1ea1o,<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu v\u1edbi \u00fd \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m,<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i l\u00ean hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o b\u01b0\u1edbc theo sau<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 xe ch\u00e2n v\u1eadt k\u00e9o<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, \u00fd t\u1ea1o<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu v\u1edbi \u00fd thanh t\u1ecbnh,<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i l\u00ean hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/p>\n

An l\u1ea1c b\u01b0\u1edbc theo sau,<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng, kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi h\u00ecnh”.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, hay c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy (\u00fd) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i nhanh h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang dong du\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o n\u00f3 th\u00edch. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y th\u1eadt l\u1edbn r\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m x\u1ea5u xa, \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00f4 u\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u0169ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly (c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c), T\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb hay v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, v\u00e0 T\u01b0 duy v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i hay bi m\u1eabn (1).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy l\u00e0: T\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 Tham d\u1ee5c, T\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 S\u00e2n h\u1eadn, T\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 n\u00e3o h\u1ea1i (2).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i kinh Dvedh\u00e0vitakka (Song T\u1ea7m), b\u00e0i kinh s\u1ed1 19 c\u1ee7a Trung B\u1ed9, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kinh qua hai lo\u1ea1i T\u01b0 duy nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy Tham d\u1ee5c, S\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 n\u00e3o h\u1ea1i Ng\u00e0i s\u1eafp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m, nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy xu\u1ea5t ly, T\u01b0 duy v\u00f4 s\u00e2n v\u00e0 T\u01b0 duy v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i Ng\u00e0i s\u1eafp v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c. Khi nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy Tham d\u1ee5c, S\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 v\u00e0 n\u00e3o h\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, Ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, g\u00e2y ra \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. Qu\u00e1n x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Ng\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u00fang, l\u00eca xa ch\u00fang v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Khi nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy xu\u1ea5t ly, T\u01b0 duy v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, T\u01b0 duy v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, Ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u0111au kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ti\u1ebfp, do suy t\u01b0 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. K\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp Ng\u00e0i k\u1ec3, nh\u1edd ly d\u1ee5c, ly b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa trong s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n, nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n, tam thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tu\u1ec7 tri T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n x\u00e9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ba c\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n tham, s\u00e2n, si l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. Si m\u00ea l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi v\u00f4 minh, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ed5 b\u1eadt g\u1ed1c nh\u1edd Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. Tham d\u1ee5c, S\u00e2n h\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy. Trong khi Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c chi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1o l\u1ed9.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00e1c T\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00e1c T\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00e1c T\u01b0 duy xu\u1ea5t ly, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i. Khi t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi Tham d\u1ee5c hay S\u00e2n h\u1eadn n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u xa, \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o t\u00e2m \u1ea5y. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy nh\u01b0 v\u1eady – n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o; ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9 cho ph\u00e9p t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy Tham d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 S\u00e2n h\u1eadn n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00fang, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y s\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng mu\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00e1c T\u01b0 duy, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n h\u1ed3i tu t\u1eadp c\u00e1c T\u01b0 duy thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c T\u01b0 duy \u00e1c v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho t\u00e2m h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong s\u00e1ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb Tham d\u1ee5c khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng do th\u1ea5y hay nghe. v.v… nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly (c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c) s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an cho t\u00e2m h\u1ecd. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c T\u01b0 duy v\u00f4 s\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u0111ang \u1ea5p \u1ee7 S\u00e2n h\u1eadn, \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 th\u00f9 h\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u00fat n\u00e0o, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec d\u1ee5c hay nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 n\u00f3. Tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t th\u00ec d\u1ee5c hay s\u00e2n c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t T\u01b0 duy, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd (vitakka: t\u1ea7m T\u00e2m s\u1edf). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 (nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy Tham d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn. Ch\u1ec9 khi \u1ea5y ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 duy \u1ea5y. Ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh th\u00eam, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 suy y\u1ebfu \u0111i ho\u1eb7c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb n\u00f3, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, khi m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1c quan (c\u0103n) ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (tr\u1ea7n) n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c khi t\u00e2m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh khi\u1ebfn cho S\u00e2n h\u1eadn, khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3… ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 t\u01b0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng do m\u1ed9t k\u00edch th\u00edch ph\u00e1t sanh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u0103n m\u00f4n m\u00e0 Tham d\u1ee5c, S\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. Khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi, th\u1ecd s\u1ebd sanh kh\u1edfi trong h\u1ecd; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf n\u00f3 (Anurodha- virodham sam\u00e0panno) (3). N\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn quanh m\u00ecnh ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi hai xung l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u00e0y – \u0111\u1eafm tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf. Bao l\u00e2u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf n\u00e0y, ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u00e1m \u1ea3nh h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng khi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, bao l\u00e2u h\u1ecd c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o do nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt r\u1ea5t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf, c\u1ed1t t\u1eed c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p, cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o Ng\u00e0i g\u1eb7p. Khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u0103n c\u01a1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ecd ch\u01b0a ch\u00edn m\u00f9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p cao s\u00e2u, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh dung d\u1ecb h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p theo l\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1; ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd thuy\u1ebft cho h\u1ecd nghe v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (d\u00e0na), v\u1ec1 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla), v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi (4), v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i, s\u1ef1 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi b\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ea1o S\u01b0 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng, nhu nhuy\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng Tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao, hoan h\u1ec9, ch\u1ec9 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00e0i m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho h\u1ecd Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, Ph\u00e1p (dhamma) ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho h\u1ecd: Kh\u1ed5 (Dukkha), nh\u00e2n sanh kh\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5 (5).<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy Tham d\u1ee5c. Khi t\u00e2m h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c (T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ebf) v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u1ea3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (Samm\u00e0 pann\u00e0).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly b\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i. Ch\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo! ta c\u0169ng v\u1eady, khi ch\u01b0a Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, trong khi ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb sanh, gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ebft, kh\u1ed5 s\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. R\u1ed3i s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh n\u00e0y n\u1ea3y sinh trong ta, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, t\u1ea1i sao ta b\u1ecb sanh, gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh… v\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m l\u1ea1i \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i c\u0169ng b\u1ecb sanh, gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh… v\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb sanh… v\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb sanh, t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 an \u1ed5n t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c, Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n th\u00ec sao?”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“R\u1ed3i ta, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, khi ta c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu, t\u00f3c \u0111en nh\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 huy\u1ebft kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i thanh xu\u00e2n, trong th\u1eddi v\u00e0ng son c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u cha m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 than kh\u00f3c, ta c\u1ea1o b\u1ecf r\u00e2u t\u00f3c, \u0111\u1eafp y c\u00e0 sa xu\u1ea5t gia, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf gia \u0111\u00ecnh, s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh” (6).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Ariyapariyesana). M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t trong b\u00e0i kinh (7) \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 “xu\u1ea5t gia” c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Gotama ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ra \u0111i trong \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c. Nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i kinh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m Ng\u00e0i \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1 (R\u00e0jagaha) \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, Vua Bimbis\u00e0ra (T\u1ea7n B\u00e0 Sa La) t\u1eeb tr\u00ean l\u1ea7u cao nh\u00ecn xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111ang \u00f4m b\u00e1t \u0111i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn xu\u1ed1ng. Ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc phong c\u00e1ch uy nghi tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ee9c Vua sai s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111i theo xem Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2u. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 b\u00e1o tin, \u0111\u1ee9c Vua v\u1ed9i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai Pandava, g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ee9c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t v\u00e0 n\u00f3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNg\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, \u0111ang trong th\u1eddi v\u00e0ng son c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb9p trai, v\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i S\u00e1t \u00d0\u1ebf L\u1ee3i\u201d (8).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng! T\u00f4i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i \u201ccon ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi\u201d, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Th\u00edch Ca. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gia th\u1ebf T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb1ng sau. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111i t\u00ecm l\u1ea1c th\u00fa tr\u1ea7n gian, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a xu\u1ea5t ly n\u00ean T\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t gia, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c (h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n). T\u00e2m t\u00f4i vui th\u00fa trong s\u1ef1 Tinh t\u1ea5n n\u00e0y (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n)\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u201cxu\u1ea5t gia\u201d (Pabbajj\u00e0) v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ly kh\u1ecfi d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n (Nekkhamma) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a xu\u1ea5t gia l\u00e0 xoay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o d\u1ee5c (Kilesa k\u00e0ma) v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf v\u1eadt d\u1ee5c (Vatthuk\u00e0ma). \u201cXu\u1ea5t gia\u201d th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 hy sinh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n xu\u1ea5t gia nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 an vui. \u00d0\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, v\u00ec b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb1ng sau n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea7n gian kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc xu\u1ea5t gia.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Kh\u00f3 thay vui xu\u1ea5t gia,<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ecf nh\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e0<\/span><\/p>\n

Vui s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi vi\u1ec5n ly<\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3”. – Dhp. 302<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kham n\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 n\u1eefa. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo! c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea1c, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hai? L\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i gia (Gihisukham) v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c xu\u1ea5t gia (Pabbajj\u00e0 sukham); d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c (K\u00e0ma sukham) v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ly l\u1ea1c (Nekkhamma sukham), t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng trong hai lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c xu\u1ea5t gia v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ly l\u1ea1c\u201d (9).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt xem th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i gia, m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed9c b\u1ea1ch theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb l\u00e0: d\u00f9 xu\u1ea5t gia hay t\u1ea1i gia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng C\u1ed5 X\u01b0a, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tho\u00e1t ly th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u th\u1ef1c ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e9t \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n do th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u201ctu s\u0129\u201d gi\u1ea3 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng nh\u00e1c, t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 k\u00fd sinh, \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u201cxu\u1ea5t gia\u201d hay l\u00e1nh xa th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng v\u1ecb k\u1ef7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo hay tu s\u0129 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn r\u1ea5t \u00edt, song \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa c\u00f3 n\u00f3i: “Nh\u01b0 ong \u0111i h\u00fat m\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i s\u1eafc h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u00e0ng kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“T\u1ef3 kheo v\u00e0o x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng,<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 Ong \u0111\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1eddn hoa,<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea5y m\u1eadt xong bay ra<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1i g\u00ec h\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1eafc” (10).<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, bao th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u01a1n ch\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1c th\u00fa tr\u1ea7n gian, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi thanh b\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tha nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u1ea3 k\u1ef7, V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo cho ph\u00e9p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u00e2m. C\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Sa m\u00f4n h\u1ea1nh, hay hai c\u00e1ch d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo: M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (Vipassan\u00e0- dhura), v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kia d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p (Gantha- dhura). M\u1ed7i v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong hai c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y t\u00f9y theo c\u0103n c\u01a1, tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cxu\u1ea5t gia\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0, m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n s\u0129 hay Sa m\u00f4n, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cho h\u00e0ng c\u01b0 s\u0129. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o, d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef, t\u1ea1i gia c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t gia. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Sa m\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103ng? Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy \u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u00f2n \u0111a \u0111oan c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 l\u1eafm nhu c\u1ea7u. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 s\u1ed1ng “\u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh” trong khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gia ch\u1ee7. \u00d0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u1ea9n s\u0129 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng lo toan gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadn b\u1ecbu th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia c\u01b0 s\u0129 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u s\u1ef1 thanh l\u1ecdc n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u0103ng x\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong l\u00fac c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng \u0111am m\u00ea nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Tham d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao t\u00e2m linh m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu s\u0129 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ai ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ly tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u00e0y t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ecd v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia hay xu\u1ea5t gia c\u0169ng v\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng trong r\u1eebng, tr\u00e1nh xa nh\u1eefng n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ed1 th\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 v\u1eabn trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u0103ng x\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y n\u00ean r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi khu r\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u1ecd v\u00e0o r\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean hoan h\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng trong r\u1eebng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu, bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m ngay khi s\u1ed1ng trong l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c, th\u1ecb t\u1ee9, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nghe ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c phi th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00fa trong r\u1eebng m\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u00f2n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh (11).<\/span><\/p>\n

Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Meghiya l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh th\u00fa v\u1ecb. V\u00e0o h\u1ea1 th\u1ee9 13 sau khi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Meghiya l\u00e0 th\u1ecb gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f9ng \u0111i v\u1edbi T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e0lika. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Meghiya b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1edfi v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1eddn xo\u00e0i g\u1ea7n b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p. Do v\u1eady, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ea1o S\u01b0 b\u1ea3o: “H\u00e3y ch\u1edd m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t, n\u00e0y Meghiya, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh”. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Meghiya v\u1eabn n\u1eb1ng n\u1eb7c th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba. L\u00fac \u1ea5y \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: “Th\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00e0y Meghiya Ta c\u00f2n n\u00f3i g\u00ec n\u1eefa khi con n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n? H\u00e3y l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec con ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Meghiya b\u00e8n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1eddn xo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ba T\u01b0 duy \u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb \u1ea5y. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0: T\u01b0 duy Tham d\u1ee5c, T\u01b0 duy S\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 T\u01b0 duy n\u00e3o h\u1ea1i. R\u1ed3i T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Meghiya t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: “Th\u1eadt k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 thay! th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c thay! Ta v\u00ec ni\u1ec1m tin xu\u1ea5t gia, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u00e9p d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp”.<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u1ed3i T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed7 \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ea1o S\u01b0 d\u1ea1y: “N\u00e0y Meghiya, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ch\u01b0a thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c, n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c:<\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh, s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

– L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ea3 ly, an t\u1ecbnh, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft – b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tinh t\u1ea5n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u00e1c T\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec7n T\u01b0 duy.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Thu th\u1eadp tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 bi\u1ec7n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 sanh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p”.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Tham d\u1ee5c (K\u00e0ma). N\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung to\u00e0n t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i kinh kh\u00e1c \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ngay trong b\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n) c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eafm m\u00ea d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n, ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh. Nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh ch\u00fang v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00fac x\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4, mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt, b\u00f3 \u0111u\u1ed1c c\u1ecf kh\u00f4, h\u1ed1 than h\u1eebng, gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1, v\u1eadt vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n, tr\u00e1i ch\u00edn tr\u00ean c\u00e2y, l\u00f2 m\u1ed5, l\u01b0\u1ee1i ki\u1ebfm, g\u1eady nh\u1ecdn, \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1eafn h\u1ed5 mang, v.v… ch\u00fang \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111au kh\u1ed5, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. Nguy hi\u1ec3m trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n (12). \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i th\u00eam:<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c (13), nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m ph\u00e0o c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb ngu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng…\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c T\u01b0 duy \u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Tham d\u1ee5c, S\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh (14). Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111i t\u00ecm l\u1ea1c th\u00fa, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ebb nh\u1ea1t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang theo ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 trong s\u00e1ng, v\u00f4 t\u01b0, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng \u00edch l\u1ee3i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, khi m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 25 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ba lo\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy v\u00f4 s\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp li\u1ec1n theo nhau. Hai T\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u1eeb (Mett\u00e0) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m bi (Karun\u00e0) n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hay b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa (Brahma- vih\u00e0ra). T\u00e2m t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u00e2m bi l\u00e0 hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i t\u00ednh \u00edch k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n r\u1ebd. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p trong t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n h\u1eefu. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau d\u1ed3i tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, giai c\u1ea5p, m\u00e0u da, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u00d0\u00f4ng hay T\u00e2y. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Appamann\u00e0yo), v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eeb bi bao tr\u00f9m mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea3y may thi\u00ean v\u1ecb hay ph\u00e2n chia theo \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v.v… l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n r\u1ebd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eeb bi \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 an \u1ed5n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, hai \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh (T\u1eeb – Bi) n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, l\u00fac \u1ea5y ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa qu\u00e1n (Brahmavih\u00e0rabh\u00e0- vana) hay T\u1eeb bi qu\u00e1n. Ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m cao h\u01a1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Jh\u00e0na hay An ch\u1ec9 t\u1ecbnh (giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadp trung to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t trong thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o gi\u1edbi Sa di La H\u1ea7u La (R\u00e0hula), \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: \u201cN\u00e0y R\u00e0hula, con h\u00e3y tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m t\u1eeb v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00ec nh\u1edd tu t\u1eadp l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb, S\u00e2n h\u1eadn s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i. N\u00e0y R\u00e0hula, con h\u00e3y tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m bi v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00ec nh\u1edd tu t\u1eadp l\u00f2ng bi, h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i\u201d (15).<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng Mett\u00e0 v\u00e0 Karun\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi S\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c. S\u00e2n h\u1eadn, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Tham d\u1ee5c, c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sanh do c\u00e1c c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7n. Khi m\u1eaft ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc, m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc n\u00e0y theo c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ta l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a hay kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ta kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u00e1c \u00fd nh\u01b0 l\u00fd. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tai v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh, m\u0169i v\u00e0 m\u00f9i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Ngay v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng, c\u1ea3 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh l\u1eabn v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ta nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea1c th\u00fa c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m hay S\u00e2n h\u1eadn. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 anh ta y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, \u1ea5p \u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh ta y\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c x\u1eed s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i th\u00ec nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh. L\u00fac \u1ea5y n\u1ebfu anh ta kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u00e1c \u00fd nh\u01b0 l\u00fd, n\u1ebfu anh ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed s\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3, v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i x\u1eed s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tai h\u1ea1i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n hay t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e0 T\u01b0 duy (Micch\u00e0 samkappa), v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eef n\u00f3. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c hay d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn S\u00e2n h\u1eadn cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00e3o h\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eed vong, s\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 bi ai.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cK\u1ebb th\u00f9 h\u1ea1i k\u1ebb th\u00f9<\/span><\/p>\n

Oan gia h\u1ea1i oan gia<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m \u00e1c<\/span><\/p>\n

Do ch\u00ednh ta h\u1ea1i ta\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb khi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u00c0yadeva: \u201cCh\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9, Tham d\u1ee5c \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, S\u00e2n h\u1eadn \u1edf b\u00ean kh\u00e1c, Si m\u00ea n\u1eb1m k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 (ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng) (16)\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n, vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5p \u1ee7 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0 T\u01b0 duy hay \u00e1c T\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u201cNh\u01b0 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u1ee5ng l\u1ee3p, m\u01b0a li\u1ec1n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o. C\u0169ng v\u1eady t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng tu, Tham d\u1ee5c li\u1ec1n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp\u201d (17). Nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u00e0n ph\u00e1. Tham d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 bao n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au kh\u00e1c. \u201cK\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Tham d\u1ee5c, qua \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi t\u1ed9i \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tham d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y khi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf, s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh th\u00f9 h\u1eadn, ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 khai m\u1edf nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, hi\u1ec1n thi\u1ec7n – nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn – n\u1eb1m ng\u1ea7m trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ta c\u1ea7n tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh (Sam\u00e0dhi- Sikkh\u00e0). Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c t\u00e2m (Cittam vasam vattati) (18), kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (t\u00e2m) hay \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (Cittassa vasena vattati) (19). V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c quan. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1edd tu t\u1eadp gi\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u01a1n l\u00fd, b\u1eadc tr\u00ed \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0: “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh, h\u01a1n chinh ph\u1ee5c k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c; Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, t\u1ef1 th\u1eafng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng oanh li\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t (20)”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cK\u1ebb th\u1eafng sinh th\u00f9 o\u00e1n<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eafng thua \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh\u201d (21).<\/span><\/p>\n

Mett\u00e0 (t\u00e2m t\u1eeb) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t h\u1ebft x\u00e1c ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u00ecnh th\u00e2n h\u1eefu, l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed, b\u00e1c \u00e1i, t\u1eeb \u00e1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t. Mett\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n an l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ai c\u1ea3. Mett\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n gi\u00e0u l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i. K\u1ebb th\u00f9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 S\u00e2n h\u1eadn, trong khi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 hay k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt (\u00e1i d\u1ee5c) hay t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 (Pema) c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Mett\u00e0 (t\u00e2m t\u1eeb). \u00c1i d\u1ee5c khi \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1ed1t Mett\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u khi ch\u00fang ta \u00f4m \u1ea5p nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e1i d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 ng\u1ee1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Mett\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 cho l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang tu t\u1eadp mett\u00e0 (t\u00e2m t\u1eeb), kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 t\u01b0, ch\u00fang ta xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u1edbi \u00e1i d\u1ee5c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 hay d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u00fac \u1ea5y n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 Mett\u00e0 n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c1i d\u1ee5c hay t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1t khao c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh, v\u00e0 n\u0103m b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (16) n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 H\u1ef7 \u00c1i trong Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa kinh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDo \u00e1i sinh s\u1ea7u \u01b0u,<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u00e1i sinh s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i,<\/span><\/p>\n

Ai tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi tham \u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e2u s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i?\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u00c1i d\u1ee5c sinh s\u1ea7u \u01b0u,<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c1i d\u1ee5c sinh s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i,<\/span><\/p>\n

Ai tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u00e1i d\u1ee5c,<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e2u s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i\u201d (22).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 khi h\u1ecd c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ta th\u00ec s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh, nh\u01b0ng khi ta ph\u1ea3i xa c\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ta phai nh\u1ea1t \u0111i, ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed s\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3. Trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i: \u201cKh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i g\u1ea7n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 xa c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh mong mu\u1ed1n c\u0169ng kh\u1ed5…\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Mett\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 bu\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh, kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n, d\u1ec5 dung h\u00f2a trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea3y may \u00fd ni\u1ec7m T\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, T\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3; v\u00ec trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 “T\u00f4i” \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, xem t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 huynh \u0111\u1ec7, t\u1ef7 mu\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, xem ch\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u00f4i, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0m v\u00e0 n\u00ean l\u00e0m. Nh\u1edd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb (Mett\u00e0) c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u00e1c t\u00e2m, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a, ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt th\u00ec k\u1ebb x\u1ea5u s\u1ebd t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean cho ph\u00e9p. N\u1ebfu ta \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u00edch k\u1ef7 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng khoan dung c\u1ee7a ta th\u00ec, thay v\u00ec l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

“C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n v\u00ec l\u1ee3i,<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u00e0 chung s\u1ed1ng,<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng m\u01b0u l\u1ee3i,<\/span><\/p>\n

Nay kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi,<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft l\u1ee3i m\u00ecnh,<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e3y s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh,<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 t\u00ea ng\u01b0u m\u1ed9t s\u1eebng” (23).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec Mett\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 hay b\u00e1m n\u00edu v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0o, do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n khi t\u00e2m ta gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c hay \u00e1i d\u1ee5c. Nekkhamma nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n. C\u00f2n Mett\u00e0 h\u00e0m \u00fd t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng \u00e1i d\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Nekkhamma (xu\u1ea5t ly) v\u00e0 Mett\u00e0 (t\u00e2m t\u1eeb) h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh Ph\u1eadt Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i kinh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng T\u1eeb (Mett\u00e0) n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, T\u1eeb bi Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed. B\u00e0i kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n: ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp chi ti\u1ebft chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mong th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n hai n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh T\u00e2m T\u1eeb (Mett\u00e0).<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i kinh di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y:<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o trong m\u1ecdi ph\u00fac l\u00e0nh, mong ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh, nhu thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o, hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“S\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7, d\u1ec5 nu\u00f4i; v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t \u00edt ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1, nu\u00f4i m\u1ea1ng th\u1eadt gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb; lo ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 c\u00e1c c\u0103n; th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n; kh\u00f4ng tham luy\u1ebfn gia \u0111\u00ecnh”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n, khi\u1ebfn b\u1eadc tr\u00ed qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch; Mong m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sanh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an \u1ed5n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac; mong m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sanh, t\u00e2m lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n an l\u1ea1c!”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0o – c\u00f2n run r\u1ea3y s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i (ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3) hay c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t, cao th\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c trung b\u00ecnh, l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf hay v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf xa hay g\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e3 sanh hay ch\u01b0a sanh. Mong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh, t\u00e2m an vui h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac!”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i khinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111ang gi\u1eadn hay S\u00e2n h\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng mong ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u1ed5”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“V\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 hi\u1ec1n, th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau \u0111\u1ee9a con m\u1ed9t, v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00fang sanh, h\u00e3y tu t\u00e2m v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“H\u00e3y tu t\u1eeb v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gian, tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 quanh m\u00ecnh – kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i ai; kh\u00f4ng S\u00e2n h\u1eadn o\u00e1n th\u00f9”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Khi \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng n\u1eb1m ng\u1ed3i, h\u00e3y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, bao l\u00e2u c\u00f2n th\u1ee9c t\u0129nh; \u201cPh\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y (trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt)”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh lu\u00f4n tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ch\u00e1nh tri ki\u1ebfn, tr\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n quay l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vi\u1ec7c t\u1eed sanh”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kinh kh\u00e1c (24) \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn 11 l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb \u00e1i (Mett\u00e0) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ng\u1ee7 an l\u1ea1c, th\u1ee9c an l\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi nh\u00e2n y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i, thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i, binh kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i, t\u00e2m mau \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1eafc th\u00e1i vui t\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh, l\u00fac ch\u1ebft t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eafc A la h\u00e1n qu\u1ea3 hay t\u1ea7ng Th\u00e1nh cao t\u1ed9t ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y trong ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y, th\u1eddi s\u1ebd sanh c\u1ed9ng tr\u00fa v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean (Brahma)”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy x\u1ea5u xa c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eadn d\u1eef th\u00ec c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Tim h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eadp nhanh h\u01a1n, th\u00e0nh th\u1eed ra c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb hao t\u1ed5n. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a n\u00f3i: “Ch\u1edb \u0111\u1eebng n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn, n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea1n gi\u00e0 mau”. \u00d0\u00fang v\u1eady, \u201ckhi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn tr\u00f4ng h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t x\u1ea5u x\u00ed, \u0111au kh\u1ed5, n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u00e1m t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang sai, ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang S\u00e2n h\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hay ho n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb bao ph\u1ee7 trong s\u1ef1 t\u0103m t\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9\u201d (25). \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a S\u00e2n h\u1eadn, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi S\u00e2n h\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mett\u00e0 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eb1m h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i S\u00e2n h\u1eadn trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ta. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eb1m h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i l\u00f2ng S\u00e2n h\u1eadn c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang c\u1ea7n n\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p l\u1eddi v\u1ea5n an sau \u0111\u00e2y, do b\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ea1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed7i khi g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh:<\/span><\/p>\n

“C\u00e1c con c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an vui kh\u00f4ng, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nh\u01b0 Lai tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an vui, r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n (kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n). Nh\u01b0 Lai tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n th\u00e2n \u00e1i, vui v\u1ebb, s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1eefa, nh\u00ecn nhau v\u1edbi \u00e1nh m\u1eaft t\u1eeb h\u00f2a m\u00e1t m\u1ebb” (26).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u00e2n gi\u00e1o. Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Tam t\u1ea1ng Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef hay n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi khi\u1ebfm nh\u00e3 v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai – ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hay nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch Ng\u00e0i. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, tuy v\u1eady, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd xem h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecf ra gi\u1eadn d\u1eef. Saccaka, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch tranh lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0o l\u00fac ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t bu\u1ed5i tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1t l\u00ean: “Th\u1eadt k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u thay! Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c thay! T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Gotama, d\u1ea7u cho b\u1ecb n\u00f3i th\u1eadm t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u1ea7u cho b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00e0u da c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 v\u1eabn trong s\u00e1ng, v\u1ebb m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 v\u1eabn vui t\u01b0\u01a1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ebb m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc A la h\u00e1n, b\u1eadc Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c” (27).<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m Ng\u00e0i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u0129 nh\u1ee5c Ng\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i (Mahita pubbangama). C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 320 trong kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y:<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1ecd khi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i R\u00e0jagaha, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kia (\u00e1m ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu M\u00e0gandiy\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Vua Udena) \u0111\u00e3 mua chu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m du th\u1ee7 du th\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m ch\u1eedi r\u1ee7a b\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ea1o S\u01b0 khi Ng\u00e0i \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c. B\u1ecdn ch\u00fang \u0111i theo Ng\u00e0i h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 la m\u1eafng: “Sa m\u00f4n C\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean \u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbp, m\u1ed9t th\u1eb1ng ng\u1ed1c, l\u00e0 con l\u1eeba, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 con l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0, l\u00e0 con b\u00f2, kh\u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng g\u00ec tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u00e2u”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1eedi r\u1ee7a n\u00e0y, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 \u00c0nanda th\u1ecb gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t bu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ea1o s\u01b0:<\/span><\/p>\n

– “B\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111ang ch\u1eedi ch\u00fang ta, xin \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n h\u00e3y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c”.<\/span><\/p>\n

– N\u00e0y \u00c0nanda, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u?<\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ea1ch \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed, n\u00e0y \u00c0nanda \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ch\u1eedi ch\u00fang ta, l\u00fac \u1ea5y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u?<\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ea1ch \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed, n\u00e0y \u00c0nanda, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ch\u1eedi ch\u00fang ta n\u1eefa th\u00ec sao. L\u00fac \u1ea5y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u?<\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ea1ch \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i c\u01a1 m\u00e0!<\/span><\/p>\n

– N\u00e0y \u00c0nanda, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ph\u00e1t sanh, ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u1edf l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec7t. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c khi nh\u1eefng n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1edbt t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean b\u00e3i chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eb1n t\u00ean m\u0169i \u0111\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, n\u00e0y \u00c0nanda, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi x\u1ec9 v\u1ea3 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c! H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u hung \u00e1c”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i tu t\u1eadp l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 trong \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, d\u00f9 cho khi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1edbp hung b\u1ea1o d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee9t ch\u00e2n tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u00f4m l\u00f2ng th\u00f9 h\u1eadn th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ta. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, c\u00e1c con ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd gi\u1eef t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi \u00e1c n\u00e0o tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec7ng ch\u00fang ta, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tr\u00fa v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00f4m \u1ea5p hi\u1ec1m h\u1eadn. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd m\u1edf l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd (k\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1edbp), v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd r\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eadn!”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1c con ph\u1ea3i tu t\u1eadp”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khuy\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u Ta, n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u Ph\u00e1p (dhamma) hay n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u T\u0103ng (sangha) c\u00e1c con kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean v\u00ec duy\u00ean c\u1edb \u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u00f4m l\u00f2ng th\u00f9 h\u1eadn, v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c con gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c con ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n, th\u1eed h\u1ecfi l\u00fac \u1ea5y c\u00e1c con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi n\u00f3i t\u1ed1t – x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng?”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“B\u1ea1ch \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 k\u1ebb n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u Ta, n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u Ph\u00e1p hay n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u T\u0103ng, l\u00fac \u1ea5y c\u00e1c con ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: “\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong ch\u00fang t\u00f4i” (28).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1eadn th\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eadn th\u00f9. Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kh\u00f3at:<\/span><\/p>\n

“H\u1eadn th\u00f9 di\u1ec7t h\u1eadn th\u00f9,<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3,<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng h\u1eadn di\u1ec7t h\u1eadn th\u00f9,<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ng\u00e0n x\u01b0a” (29).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy t\u1eeb \u00e1i (t\u00e2m t\u1eeb) khi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch r\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy t\u1eeb \u00e1i cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb (Mett\u00e0) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh qua cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea9u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e0i… N\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Roja, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u1eed d\u00f2ng Malla. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Mallas bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt s\u1ebd vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m kinh \u0111\u00f4 Kusin\u00e0r\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i g\u1eb7p Ng\u00e0i. D\u00f9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u Roja kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng anh ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. Do n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, anh ta b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 ch\u00fa b\u00ea con \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1eb9, ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t b\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ea1o S\u01b0. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Mett\u00e0 (Mett\u00e0 iddhi) (30). Vi\u1ec7c thu ph\u1ee5c D\u1ea1 xoa \u00c0lavaka, c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u01b0\u1edbp Angulim\u00e0la, c\u1ea3m th\u1eafng voi say N\u00e0l\u00e0giri v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1 th\u00fa v\u1ecb khi th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0, r\u1ea5t s\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ph\u00e1i m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p Ng\u00e0i, s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o theo Ph\u1eadt. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng qua \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1ecd Nigantha N\u00e0taputta (Jaina Mah\u00e0v\u00ecra) mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1i t\u1ee5c gia \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Up\u00e0li \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Khi \u1ea5y D\u00ecghatapassin (m\u1ed9t du s\u0129 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Jaina), n\u00f3i v\u1edbi N\u00e0taputta l\u1eddi n\u00e0y: “Theo con, th\u01b0a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3, ph\u00e1i gia ch\u1ee7 Up\u00e0li \u0111i lu\u1eadn tranh v\u1edbi Sa m\u00f4n C\u1ed3 \u00d0\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u00fat n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. V\u00ec Sa m\u00f4n C\u1ed3 \u00d0\u00e0m r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1eeba l\u1ecdc, \u00f4ng ta bi\u1ebft ch\u00fa thu\u1eadt, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4n ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c (Gotamo m\u00e0y\u00e0vi \u00e0vattanim m\u00e0yam j\u00e0n\u00e0ti)” (31).<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb t\u00e2m (Mettt\u00e0) c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cch\u00fa thu\u1eadt\u201d n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNh\u1edd s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb, ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o kho t\u00e0ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m cho th\u1ebf gian t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n, trong s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho ta m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a n\u00f3i: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1eadn r\u1ee7i n\u00e0o t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n S\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o an \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb. M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f9 h\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft c\u1ee9ng\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u1ebfu ta mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch m\u1ecdi tham mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eef v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb trong s\u1ea1ch c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng n\u00e0o, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i ch\u00fat l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u00e1i kh\u00f4ng v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eef, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh, r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p, m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1t m\u1ebb, ti\u1ebfp th\u00eam sinh l\u1ef1c cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eadn, trang nghi\u00eam m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n, m\u1ec1m m\u1ecfng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng u\u1ef7 m\u1ecb, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ta \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tinh khi\u1ebft, trong m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00fat S\u00e2n h\u1eadn n\u00e0o n\u1eefa”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m v\u1edbi t\u00e2m v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap, kh\u00edch l\u1ec7, l\u00e0m cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a tha nh\u00e2n d\u1ec5 \u0111i h\u01a1n, b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cao nh\u1ea5t”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb l\u00e0 nh\u1edd suy x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a S\u00e2n h\u1eadn, nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u00e2n; nh\u1edd suy x\u00e9t h\u1ee3p theo s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, h\u1ee3p theo Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 (nghi\u1ec7p), th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: Th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i S\u00e2n h\u1eadn, S\u00e2n h\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i x\u1eed s\u1ef1 ngu xu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nu\u00f4i l\u1edbn th\u00eam v\u00f4 minh, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. S\u00e2n h\u1eadn th\u00ec h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb th\u00ec Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Th\u00f9 h\u1eadn b\u00f3p ng\u1eb9t, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. Th\u00f9 h\u1eadn \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc, t\u00e2m t\u1eeb mang l\u1ea1i an l\u1ea1c. Th\u00f9 h\u1eadn l\u00e0m cho dao \u0111\u1ed9ng; l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb l\u00e0m cho y\u00ean t\u0129nh, v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh. Th\u00f9 h\u1eadn g\u00e2y chia r\u1ebd, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p. Th\u00f9 h\u1eadn l\u00e0m cho chai c\u1ee9ng (con tim), l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu l\u1ea1i. Th\u00f9 h\u1eadn g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1edd suy x\u00e9t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a S\u00e2n h\u1eadn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb, ta n\u00ean tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m t\u1eeb m\u00e1t m\u1ebb n\u00e0y” (32).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 Karun\u00e0, T\u01b0 duy v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i hay l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. Karun\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0: “T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m cho tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n thi\u1ec7n run r\u1ea9y v\u00e0 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c” hay “T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m kh\u01a1i d\u1eady nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng trong m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n thi\u1ec7n, khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c”. \u00d0\u1ed9c \u00e1c, hung b\u1ea1o l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Karun\u00e0 (bi) trong khi n\u1ed7i s\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5 v\u00f4 duy\u00ean hay s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch gia \u0111\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp hay \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m bi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u, s\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5, lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Karun\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i, l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m bi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng xoa d\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u00fay hay \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 an \u1ed5n cho h\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ai.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ea1i Bi (Mah\u00e0k\u00e0runika) v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i bi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng ban r\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1i bi t\u00e2m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh. M\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Karun\u00e0 n\u00e0y. T\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i; t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, trong khi c\u00e1i \u00e1c hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i. T\u00e2m bi, do v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u00edch k\u1ef7. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft hy sinh qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch ch\u1ee9a trong tr\u00e1i tim m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edch k\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n. Ngay khi h\u1ecd v\u1eeba kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu l\u1ea1i tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i. Tr\u00e1i tim chai \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu ta l\u1ea5y t\u00e2m bi ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, l\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ea5t tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt; v\u00ec m\u1ecdi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh, m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y Karun\u00e0 (bi) l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c m\u1ecdi thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u y c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean t\u00e2m bi, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb t\u00e2m bi (33). C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p Ba la m\u1eadt (P\u00e0rami) m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. Bi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbu hi\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i tim, trong khi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft hay tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn v\u00e0 xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5u. Bi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, tr\u00ed c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 bi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o. Ch\u00fang song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn t\u00e2m bi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 th\u00e2n (th\u1ecd \u01b0u) v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7y m\u1ecb. M\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, ta kh\u00f3c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i kh\u00f3c \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. N\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, hay \u00fd ngh\u0129 tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn, \u00edch k\u1ef7 n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. T\u1ea1i sao ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u? B\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u xoay quanh c\u00e1i “T\u00f4i”, “l\u00e0 T\u00f4i” v\u00e0 “c\u1ee7a T\u00f4i” \u0111\u00f3 sao? D\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta th\u00edch hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch, t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00f3, Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y Karun\u00e0, bi hay l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng? T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n, th\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta? \u00d0\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng quen v\u1edbi ta, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ta, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t g\u00ec c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qua \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng vui th\u00fa v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u1eb3n ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u khi m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb k\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd r\u1ea5t t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u00e0ng ph\u00e0m phu ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0, h\u1ee3p theo nghi\u1ec7p (Kamma) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bi ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i u\u1ef7 m\u1ecb, y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd rung \u0111\u1ed9ng, khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u01a1n ho\u1ea1n n\u1ea1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u01b0u s\u1ea7u bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3; ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con tim n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u1ee9u nguy k\u1ebb b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh. Mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f2ng khoan dung v\u00e0 t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 Upekkh\u00e0 (l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c trong T\u1ee9 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng Bi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng, nhu m\u00ec, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd theo h\u1ecd s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n (J\u00e0takas) c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft th\u1eadt x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tha nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 xoa d\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t d\u00e1m b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u1ea3 t\u1ee9 chi v\u00e0 sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a tha nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i trong Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y:<\/span><\/p>\n

“T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00ean b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u l\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n tay,<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n tay ph\u1ea3i hy sinh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u l\u1ea5y m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng,<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, ch\u00e2n tay v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec1u n\u00ean b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p” (34).<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t trao d\u1ed3i t\u00e2m bi cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u1ed9t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau th\u1ea5t thanh \u0111au kh\u1ed5, hay b\u1edfi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, tr\u00e1i tim b\u1ea1n se l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1ea1n nh\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u nguy con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang tuy\u1ec7t vong \u1ea5y, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 xoa d\u1ecbu l\u00e0m cho v\u01a1i \u0111i nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec l\u00f2ng tham \u00edch k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fat ti\u1ec1n th\u00f9 lao n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 hay c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng th\u1eddi c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e2m bi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n m\u1ef9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu t\u00ecnh c\u1edd b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng hay khen ng\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo t\u00f4i, gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu, ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u – ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfp sau g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u00f4i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1eafm. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u00edch k\u1ef7 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m v\u00e0 b\u1ecb d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd theo sau ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng theo h\u00ecnh v\u1eady; v\u00ec m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd sanh tr\u00e1i, nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra qu\u1ea3. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady l\u00f2ng tham, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, cho s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3i, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c T\u00e1i sanh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi, ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00e1i sanh trong m\u1ed9t sanh th\u00fa thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, hay hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd g\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a b\u1ed9i thu \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3; v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi con Ph\u1eadt, hay n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng ra l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed. V\u00ec v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7y mong c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp th\u00eam nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy \u00edch k\u1ef7, Tham lam c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: l\u00fd do ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec anh ta \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3i, v\u1eady th\u00f4i. \u00d0\u00f3i, nh\u01b0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t (35). Khi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n xong, r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y vui t\u01b0\u01a1i, l\u00fac \u1ea5y ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y vui v\u00e0 hoan h\u1ec9. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ecb tha nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta ni\u1ec1m h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c tinh khi\u1ebft. Vui v\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mudit\u00e0 hay t\u00e2m hoan h\u1ec9. \u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y: T\u1eeb, Bi, H\u1ec9, X\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nh\u1edd b\u1ed1 th\u00ed x\u1ea3 k\u1ef7, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i (D\u00e0na), ch\u00fang ta di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh b\u1ecfn x\u1ebbn, keo ki\u1ec7t v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta n\u1eefa. C\u00e0ng l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p (Kamma) v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 (Vip\u00e0ka) trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u00dd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, t\u1ed1t, x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00ec nh\u1edd v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1m hoa k\u1ebft tr\u00e1i theo c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb d\u00ednh m\u1eafc th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 quy lu\u1eadt Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng th\u1eadt c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed ch\u00fat ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n xin. M\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 trong s\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat Tham lam, T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u00e1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Chia x\u1ebb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ed \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh v.v… T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00e1ch ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u1eadt l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng y. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u1edbi cung c\u00e1ch th\u00e2n \u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n s\u0103n s\u00f3c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa (36) ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1eadt c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u1eed \u1edf kinh th\u00e0nh S\u00e0vatthi nghe \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi t\u00edn t\u00e2m v\u00e0 xin xu\u1ea5t gia v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i. C\u00f4ng t\u1eed \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Tissa. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ng\u00e3 b\u1ec7nh. \u00d0\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean n\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00ean th\u00e2n v\u1ecb \u1ea5y, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5n \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 v\u1ee1 ra th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft lo\u00e9t. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb s\u01b0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c cho Tissa n\u1eefa, li\u1ec1n b\u1ecf r\u01a1i v\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u00e0 Tissa \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng. Khi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean l\u00f2 s\u01b0\u1edfi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 Tissa, n\u1eafm g\u00f3c gi\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111ang n\u1eb1m. Ch\u01b0 t\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u b\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ea1o S\u01b0 \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ph\u1ee5 \u0111em b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 gi\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean l\u00f2 s\u01b0\u1edfi. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y ch\u01b0 t\u0103ng gi\u1eb7t y \u00e1o cho Tissa v\u00e0 \u0111em ph\u01a1i kh\u00f4, trong khi Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng lau s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c v\u1ebft lo\u00e9t v\u00e0 t\u1eafm cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. Tissa h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m chuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t Tissa l\u1eafng nghe, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi ph\u00e1p li\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ea7ng Th\u00e1nh cao nh\u1ea5t (A la h\u00e1n qu\u1ea3) r\u1ed3i nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t. X\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfa t\u00e1ng \u0111\u00fang theo nghi th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho thu x\u00e1 l\u1ee3i t\u00f4n tr\u00ed trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p (37).<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c hay m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 m\u1eaft mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u, s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e2n \u00e1i, th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 chung cho to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng than \u00f4i, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ecb l\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh “nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn trong ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a”, ch\u00fang ta th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn “nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn” n\u1eefa. Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a\u201d hay \u201cth\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh\u201d g\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3. Chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 an l\u1ea1c, m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ra t\u1eadn b\u00e3i chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd S\u00e0kyans v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f2ng Koliyans \u0111ang \u1edf b\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec tranh ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a con s\u00f4ng Rohina. Bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng tai h\u1ecda s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra, b\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ea1o S\u01b0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd gi\u1eefa m\u00e1u v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 qu\u00fd h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u00e1u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 qu\u00fd h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. B\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ea1o S\u01b0 khuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3i h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn (38).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Nihita danda: b\u1ecf \u0111ao tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng), m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf v\u0169 kh\u00ed (Nihita satta: b\u1ecf \u0111ao ki\u1ebfm). V\u0169 kh\u00ed duy nh\u1ea5t Ng\u00e0i x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed T\u1eeb bi. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 trang b\u1ecb cho m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt v\u00e0 T\u1eeb bi n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u00e0n \u00e1c nh\u01b0 D\u1ea1 xoa \u00c0lavaka, t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u01b0\u1edbp Angulim\u00e0la v\u00e0 voi say Nal\u00e0giri, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u00e3m h\u1ea1i Ng\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng T\u1eeb bi n\u00e0y. Angulim\u00e0la ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thu ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, sau khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean l\u1eddi t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y:<\/span><\/p>\n

“C\u00f3 k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c,<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1edfi g\u1eady m\u00f3c v\u00e0 roi,<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ecb \u1ea5y (\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt) \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c ta<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng g\u1eady, d\u00f9ng ki\u1ebfm” (39).<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111i kh\u1eafp \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y “V\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng” v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (dhamma), kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ai, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thu ph\u1ee5c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t b\u00f2 d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n ta. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u00e2n sinh quan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng T\u1eeb bi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00fa, s\u00e2u b\u1ecd, hay gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng hay h\u1ea1 li\u1ec7t, gi\u00e0u hay ngh\u00e8o, m\u1ea1nh hay y\u1ebfu, tr\u00ed hay ngu, \u0111en hay tr\u1eafng, B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n hay Chi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 la. Ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o, Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v.v… v\u00ec Metta (t\u1eeb) v\u00e0 Karun\u00e0 (bi) nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ngay khi ch\u00fang ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u00e2n chia con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n sai l\u1ea7m k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, li\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u01b0 ri\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y (t\u1ee9c \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh tinh th\u1ea7n T\u1eeb bi m\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a Asoka, \u0111\u1ea1i Ho\u00e0ng \u00d0\u1ebf Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 cha m\u00ecnh (\u0111\u1ee9c Vua Bindus\u00e0ra) v\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i (Vua Candaragupta). Kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Vua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u0103ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng K\u00e0linga. Trong cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng n\u00e0y, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, trong khi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh. Tuy nhi\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3, khi \u0111\u1ee9c Vua theo t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng T\u1eeb bi c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Vua c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u00e2n h\u1eadn m\u1ed7i khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n gi\u00e3 t\u1eeb v\u0169 kh\u00ed. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Vua l\u00e0 v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng duy nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf chinh ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn tranh (Dig vijaya) v\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (Dhamma Vijaya). Nh\u01b0 Ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 XIII kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Vua cho th\u1ea5y “Vua \u0111\u00e3 tra ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0o v\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u00fat g\u01b0\u01a1m n\u1eefa, v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u01b0\u1edbc mong kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng T\u1eeb bi c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00d0\u00f4ng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u00d0\u1ebf A D\u1ee5c. Ph\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00f4n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n \u00f4n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Ch\u00e2u \u00c1, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0i nghi t\u1ea1i sao? \u201cN\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh\u201d hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang xi\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Ch\u00e2u \u00c1. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0103n minh, th\u00ec v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m) s\u1ebd suy \u0111\u1ed3i v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean sa \u0111o\u1ea1. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, thu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi nay ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan t\u00e2m h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c, th\u00e0nh th\u1eed ra h\u1ecd xao l\u00e3ng, hay c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh l\u1edd \u0111i nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edch k\u1ef7, v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng v\u0103n minh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed1i T\u01b0 duy, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c th\u1eadm t\u1ec7 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean trong.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ea7n T\u1eeb bi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng vang v\u1ecdng qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7y ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, ganh gh\u00e9t, ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, tham lam, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 Si m\u00ea, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1i l\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n l\u00f9a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean b\u1edd c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e1c (Armageddon), tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng theo l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng T\u1eeb bi v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Ng\u00e0y nay, h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma) soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

* Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/strong><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(1) Nekkhama- sankappa, Aby\u00e0p\u00e0dasamkappa, Avihims\u00e0samkappa. M. 17.<\/span><\/p>\n

(2) K\u00e0ma samkappa, by\u00e0p\u00e0da samkappa, vihims\u00e0 samkappa, M. 78, 177.<\/span><\/p>\n

(3) M. 38.<\/span><\/p>\n

(4) Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 T\u00e1i sanh t\u1ed1t, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 T\u00e1i sanh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00f5i an vui, tuy nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn sanh h\u1eefu – Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

(5) Theo Vinaya Mah\u00e0vagga: nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u1eefng nhuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

(6) M.26,36.<\/span><\/p>\n

(7) Pabhajj\u00e0 Sutta.Sn.<\/span><\/p>\n

(8) \u1ede \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh: Ksatriyas (chi\u1ebfn s\u0129), Br\u00e0hmanas (B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n), Vai\u201dsyas (th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia), S\u00f9dras (ti\u1ec7n d\u00e2n). Ba giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng giai c\u1ea5p cao hay t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<\/span><\/p>\n

(9) A.I. 80<\/span><\/p>\n

(10) Dhp. 49<\/span><\/p>\n

(11) Xem chi ti\u1ebft trong M.I. 5, 17.<\/span><\/p>\n

(12) M. 22.<\/span><\/p>\n

(13) Anicca, Tucch\u00e0, Mucch\u00e0, Mosodhamm\u00e0.<\/span><\/p>\n

(14) M. 106.<\/span><\/p>\n

(15) M.II. 62.<\/span><\/p>\n

(16) “Tatraivarajyate kascid – kascittatraiva dusyati”.<\/span><\/p>\n

(17) Dhp. 13.<\/span><\/p>\n

(18) M. 32.<\/span><\/p>\n

(19) M. 32.<\/span><\/p>\n

(20) Dhp. 103.<\/span><\/p>\n

(21) Dhp. 201.<\/span><\/p>\n

(22) Dhp. 212 – 216.<\/span><\/p>\n

(23) Sn. 75.<\/span><\/p>\n

(24) A.V 342.<\/span><\/p>\n

(25) A.N. 94.<\/span><\/p>\n

(26) M. 31, 129. AI. 70.<\/span><\/p>\n

(27) M. 36.<\/span><\/p>\n

(28) D1.<\/span><\/p>\n

(29) Dhp. 5. Sanantano: M\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc x\u1eed th\u1ebf (Por\u00e0niko dhammo) m\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng theo (Th\u00e1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1p).<\/span><\/p>\n

(30) Vin. Mhvg. Khandakavi.<\/span><\/p>\n

(31) M. 56. AII. 190.<\/span><\/p>\n

(32) The Lamp of the Law. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Soma Thera v\u00e0 Piyadassi Thera (Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Ceylon).<\/span><\/p>\n

(33) Karun\u00e0 nidh\u00e0nam hisitam.<\/span><\/p>\n

(34) Mah\u00e0 Suttasoma J\u00e0taka, s\u1ed1 537- Nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu chuy\u1ec7n Ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n. Quy\u1ec3n V.<\/span><\/p>\n

(35) Dhp 203:<\/span><\/p>\n

“\u00d0\u00f3i b\u1ee5ng, b\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e2n x\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 v\u00f4 v\u00e0n,<\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u1ea5y,<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1t V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n”.<\/span><\/p>\n

(36) Quy\u1ec3n I. Trang 319.<\/span><\/p>\n

(37) T\u01b0\u1edbng Alexander Cunningham trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1982 – 1983 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: “V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a K\u1ef3 Vi\u00ean T\u1ecbnh x\u00e1 (Jetavana) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eeda ch\u00e2n tay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb s\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh… ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n g\u1ea1ch c\u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u00e1ch k\u1ef3 vi\u00ean T\u1ecbnh x\u00e1 kho\u1ea3ng 550 feet. Kh\u1ed1i g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t cao 24 feet, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch nung 24 X 10 X 3 inch, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Cunningham v\u1ec1 S\u00e0vatthi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u H. xem Archacological Survey of India 341.<\/span><\/p>\n

(38) Sn. 375. Therig. 141.<\/span><\/p>\n

(39) Thg 878.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Th\u00edch Ph\u00e1p Th\u00f4ng Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, chi th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o l\u1ed9, l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. Hai chi n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m Tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o. Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 […]\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6777,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,152,187,144,316],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6776"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6776"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6776\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6779,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6776\/revisions\/6779"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6777"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6776"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6776"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapnhan.org\/tv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6776"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}